Statistics

ST 361 Statistics for Engineers Graphical Displays

Kimberly Weems ksweems@ncsu.edu 5260 SAS Hall

Scales of Measure
Nominal Data
Places data in categories Another name for that group From the article: Do you believe that extraterrestrial beings have visited Earth at some time in the past (Believe, Dont Believe, Not sure) People are in one of three categories.

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Scales of Measure
Ordinal Data
Categories that have an order From the article: How superstitious are you? (Very, Somewhat, Not very, not at all) We know that Very is more than Somewhat which is more than Not very, etc

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Scales of Measure
Note: Numbers can be assigned to the categories but using the numbers does not make much sense.
Code: 4 = Very, 3 = Somewhat, 2= Not very, 1= Not at all Very is not twice as much as Not very.

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Scales of Measure
Interval/Ratio
Numbers are actually numbers=> make sense as numbers and can be used that way From the article: What is your age in years? Someone who is 40 is twice as old as someone who is 20. Difference in Age between someone 30 and 35 is the same as the difference between 25 and 30.

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Scales of Measure
Note: Your text refers to this as interval data, some other texts refer to it as ratio data. For the purposes of this course we will not differentiate the two.
No real difference between methods of analysis.

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Other terminology:
Categorical data- nominal and ordinal, gives names to categories. Numeric data-uses meaningful numbers Quantitative- another name for numeric Qualitative-another name for categorical

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Example: Intro Stat Students

gender female height 69.5 textbooks 320 HSGPA 3.1 car yes

female
female

65
63

250
150

4
4

no
yes

female
female female female female male female

64
67 63 60 64 72 66
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300
90 300 250 250 187 150

3.35
3.7 3.9 3 3.8 3.1 3.4

yes
yes yes yes yes yes no

Example: Intro Stat Students

gender female height 69.5 textbooks 320 HSGPA 3.1 car yes

female
female

65
63

250
150

4
4

no
yes

female
female female female female male female

64
67 63 60 64 72 66
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300
90 300 250 250 187 150

3.35
3.7 3.9 3 3.8 3.1 3.4

yes
yes yes yes yes yes no

Example: Intro Stat Students

gender female height 69.5 textbooks 320 HSGPA 3.1 car yes

female
female

65
63

250
150

4
4

no
yes

female
female female female female male female

64
67 63 60 64 72 66
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300
90 300 250 250 187 150

3.35
3.7 3.9 3 3.8 3.1 3.4

yes
yes yes yes yes yes no

Example: Intro Stat Students

gender female height 69.5 textbooks 320 HSGPA 3.1 car yes

female
female

65
63

250
150

4
4

no
yes

female
female female female female male female

64
67 63 60 64 72 66
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300
90 300 250 250 187 150

3.35
3.7 3.9 3 3.8 3.1 3.4

yes
yes yes yes yes yes no

Why do we care?
Type of data dictates summary that will be used. We must choose the analysis that will be used. Summaries of categorical data.
Proportions and counts

Example: Superstitious? 2% very, 22% somewhat, 31% not very, 45% not at all.

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12

Why do we care?
Summaries of numeric data.
Averages, medians, standard deviations

Example: Age? Average 35 years

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13

Graphics
Statistical Results are often presented in graphical displays 1 picture = ____________

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Graphics
Statistical Results are often presented in graphical displays 1 picture = 1000 words

Help understand the story behind the data.

Visualize the distribution

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The three rules of data analysis wont be difficult to remember

1. Make a picture reveals aspects not obvious in the raw data; enables you to think clearly about the patterns and relationships that may be hiding in your data. 2. Make a picture to show important features of and patterns in the data. You may also see things that you did not expect: the extraordinary (possibly wrong) data values or unexpected patterns 3. Make a picture the best way to tell others about your data is with a well-chosen picture.

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Graphics
Bar Charts- graphical representation of categorical data
Horizontal Axis- categories Vertical Axis- count or percentage of subjects in that category.

Pie Charts- Angle represents proportion of values

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Categorical data

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Categorical data

Story: More females than males

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What about numeric values?

Plot numeric values to see where they are located. Stem and Leaf Displays Dot plot- graphic of numeric data.

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Stem and Leaf Displays

Partition each no. in data into a stem and leaf Constructing stem and leaf display
1) deter. stem and leaf partition (5-20 stems)

2) write stems in column with smallest stem at top; include all stems in range of data 3) only 1 digit in leaves; drop digits or round off 4) record leaf for each no. in corresponding stem row; ordering the leaves in each row helps

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Example: employee ages at a small company

18 21 22 19 32 33 40 41 56 57 64 28 29 29 38 39; stem: 10s digit; leaf: 1s digit 18: stem=1; leaf=8; 18 = 1 | 8 stem leaf 1 8 9 2 1 2 8 9 9 3 2 3 8 9 4 0 1 5 6 7 6 4
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Suppose a 95 yr. old is hired

stem 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 leaf 8 9 1 2 8 9 9 2 3 8 9 0 1 6 7 4

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Advantages/Disadvantages of Stem-andLeaf Displays

Advantages 1) each measurement displayed 2) ascending order in each stem row 3) relatively simple (data set not too large) Disadvantages display becomes unwieldy for large data sets

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Dot Plot
A health researcher examined the amount of soda that a group of teenagers consumed during a day. The resulting amounts in ounces were: 9, 9, 6, 15, 12, 14, and 40.

10

20

30

40

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Dot Plot
A health researcher examined the amount of soda that a group of teenagers consumed during a day. The resulting amounts in ounces were: 9, 9, 6, 15, 12, 14, and 40.

10

20

30

40

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Dot Plot
A health researcher examined the amount of soda that a group of teenagers consumed during a day. The resulting amounts in ounces were: 9, 9, 6, 15, 12, 14, and 40.

10

20

30

40

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Dot Plot
A health researcher examined the amount of soda that a group of teenagers consumed during a day. The resulting amounts in ounces were: 9, 9, 6, 15, 12, 14, and 40.

10

20

30

40

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Dot Plot
A health researcher examined the amount of soda that a group of teenagers consumed during a day. The resulting amounts in ounces were: 9, 9, 6, 15, 12, 14, and 40.

10

20

30

40

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Dot Plot
A health researcher examined the amount of soda that a group of teenagers consumed during a day. The resulting amounts in ounces were: 9, 9, 6, 15, 12, 14, and 40.

10

20

30

40

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Dot Plot
A health researcher examined the amount of soda that a group of teenagers consumed during a day. The resulting amounts in ounces were: 9, 9, 6, 15, 12, 14, and 40.

10

20

30

40

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Dot Plot
We can see the main cluster is around 10. Smallest at 6, largest at 40. Big gap between 40 and the other values.

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Dot Plot
Good for small numbers of values, but becomes cumbersome with many values. For larger numbers of values we could stack up values in categories.

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Histograms
Histogram-bar chart of quantitative data
Range of possible values are broken into categories

Example: Undergraduate university students survey: How much did you spend on textbooks this academic term? Categories: $0 to $100, $101 to $200, etc.

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Textbooks

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Textbooks
About 20 people paid between $601 and $700

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Textbooks
Amounts centered around $400 More people around $400 than around $200 Values as big as 800 as low as 0. Useful for understanding the distribution of quantitative variables.
Where are the main chunks of data? How spread out are the values? What is the shape of the data?

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TV Time

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TV Time
About 110 people spent between 11 and 15

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TV Time
Main cluster between 0 and 10 Smallest value 0 and largest value around 60 Cant be below 0, minimum possible. Many people around the lower limit. Max possible 168. No one around there or even close. Values tail off to the right side.

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Shapes of distributions
Skewed to the right (or positively skewed)
Long tail to the right Generally because individuals are stacked up near a lower limit and unlimited on the upper end.

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TV Time
Skewed Right: Long tail to the Right

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Shapes of distributions
Skewed to the left (or negatively skewed)
Long tail to the left Generally because individuals are stacked up near an upper limit and unlimited on the lower end.

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Birth Year

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Birth Year

Traditional students

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Birth Year
Switched majors, five or six year students

Traditional students

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Birth Year
Switched majors, five or six year students

Traditional students

Non traditional students

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Birth Year
Switched majors, five or six year students

Traditional students

Non traditional students

Older students back to for life change

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Shapes of distributions
Symmetric
Tails approximately equal in both directions Major cluster near far from limits on both ends.

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Textbooks
Approximately symmetric

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Bimodal

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Bimodal
Peak 1

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Bimodal
Peak 1 Peak 2

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A Variety of Emissions Distributions by Plant Code

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Shapes of distributions
Bimodal-two peaks
Caused by two or more groups Multi-modal several peaks

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Shapes of distributions
Help us understand the data
Skewed=> typically because of a natural limit that subjects are near Symmetric => Subjects are not near the limit. Multi-modal=> multiple distinct groups within the distribution.

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Outliers
Outliers- unusual values that do not fit with the rest of the pattern.
May be data entry errors or may be actual unusual values

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Outliers
Recall dot plot
40 might be considered an outlier. Maybe data entry error. May be actual value.

10

20

30

40

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Class Problem
The following 10 observations on October snow cover for Eurasia during the years 19701979 (in million km2):
6.5 12.0 14.9 10.0 10.7

7.9

21.9

12.5

14.5

9.2

Create a stem & leaf display of the data. Is their an outlier in the data set?

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