12EE335 FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS

Unit I- INTRODUCTION: Unit II- SERIES COMPENSATION SCHEMES Unit III- UNIFIED POWER FLOW CONTROL (UPFC) Unit IV- DESIGN OF FACTS CONTROLLERS Unit V- MODERN FACTS DEVICES

12EE335 FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS

Unit I INTRODUCTION: FACTS-a toolkit, Basic concepts of Static VAR compensator Resonance damper Thyristor controlled series capacitor Static condenser Phase angle regulator other controllers.

INTRODUCTION

Alternating current transmission systems incorporating power electronic-based and other static controllers to enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability.

INTRODUCTION

The FACTS technology is a collection of controllers, which can be applied individually or in coordination with others to control one or more of the interrelated system parameters, such as series impedance, shunt impedance, current, voltage, and damping of oscillations.

GENERATIONS:

1st Generation of FACTS (SVC & TCSC). 2nd Generation of FACTS (STATCOM & SSSC). 3rd Generation of FACTS (UPFC & IPFC).

What is the Need?

Thermal For overhead line, thermal capability is a function of ambient temperature, wind conditions, conditions of conductor, and ground clearance. The FACTS technology can help in making an effective used of newfound line capability. Dielectric Being designed very conservatively, most lines can increase operation voltage by 10% or even higher. FACTS technology could be used to ensure acceptable overvoltage and power flow conditions. Stability The stability issues that limit the transmission capability include: transient stability, dynamic stability, steady-state stability, frequency collapse. Voltage collapse, and sub-synchronous resonance. The FACTS technology can certainly be used to overcome any of the stability limits.

LIMITATIONS OF LARGE AC SYSTEMS

(LONG DISTANCE TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS)

Voltage stability Reactive power problems Steady state stability Transient Stability

(INTERCONNECTED SYSTEMS)

Load Flow Problems (needs management of Congestion) Voltage Stability Frequency Control Oscillation Stability Inter-Area Oscillations

ADVANTAGES of FACTS

Increase of Power Transfer without adding new transmission lines. Provide dynamic reactive power support and voltage control. Transmission Cost minimization. Steady state and dynamic voltage control. Improvement of System Stability and Voltage quality. Control real and reactive power flow. Active damping of Oscillations.

Flow of power in an AC system

Power flow in parallel path

Power flow in meshed system

BASIC TYPE OF FACTS CONTROLLERS

Series controllers:

The series controller could be a variable impedance or a variable source both are power electronics based. In principle, all series controllers inject voltage in series with the line.

Shunt controllers:

The shunt controllers may be variable impedance connected to the line voltage causes a variable current flow hence represents injection of current into the line.

Combined series-series controllers:

The combination could be separate series controllers or unified seriesseries controller--- Interline Power Flow Controller.

Combined series-shunt controllers:

The combination could be separated series and shunt controllers or a unified power flow controller.

BASIC TYPE OF FACTS CONTROLLERS

SERIES COMPENSATION
STATIC SYNCHRONOUS SERIES COMPENSATOR (SSSC)

Allows rapid and continuous changes in the transmission line impedance so that the active power flow along the compensated transmission line can be controlled within a specified range .

Its output voltage is in series with the line, thus, it controls voltage across the line. Used for

Damping Oscillations. Voltage Stability Improvement.

STATIC SYNCHRONOUS SERIES COMPENSATOR (SSSC)

THYRISTOR CONTROLLED SERIES COMPENSATION(TCSC)

Series Capacitor banks installations protected by thyristors. BENEFITS

Increased Power Transfer Capability. Improved Transient Stability. Lower Transmission Losses. Improved Grid voltage control.

OTHER APPLICATIONS

Power Oscillation Damping. Sub-synchronous Resonance Mitigation. Transient Stability Mitigation.

THYRISTOR CONTROLLED SERIES COMPENSATION(TCSC)

COMPARISON

PARALLEL COMPENATION STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR(SVC)

Consists of fixed capacitor banks in parallel with reactor bank. BENEFITS

Increased Power Transfer Capability. Improved Grid Voltage Control. Improved Power Factor.

OTHER APPLICTIONS

Power Oscillation Damping. Power Quality (Flicker Mitigation, Voltage Balancing).

STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR(SVC)

STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR(SVC)

STATCOM-STATIC COMPENSATOR

Same as SVC but its capacitive or inductive o/p current can be controlled independent of system voltage. It can be based on Voltage sourced or Current sourced Converter. When inverter fundamental o/p voltage is higher than the system line voltage, then STATCON acts as a capacitor and reactive VARS are generated. Otherwise, It acts as inductor and absorbs reactive VARS from the system. Can be designed to be an Active Filter to absorb System harmonics.

STATCOM-STATIC COMPENSATOR

STATCOM-STATIC COMPENSATOR

STATCOM-STATIC COMPENSATOR

BENEFITS

Increased Power Transfer Capability. Improved Grid Voltage Stability. Improved Power Factor. Eliminated Flicker. Harmonic Filtering.

OTHER APPLICATIONS

Power Quality ( Flicker Mitigation & Voltage Balancing).

COMPARISON

UNIFIED POWER FLOW CONTROLLER (UPFC)

UNIFIED POWER FLOW CONTROLLER

It is a Combined Series-Shunt Controller. STATCOM and SSSC used for shunt and series compensation respectively. BENEFITS Increases Transmission line capacity (by installing a series capacitor which reduces the net series impedance) . Power System Oscillation Damping. Control of active and reactive power flow at both sending- and receiving-end.

UNIFIED POWER FLOW CONTROLLER-OPERATION

UNIFIED POWER FLOW CONTROLLER-OPERATION

Reactive power is generated or absorbed by the shunt inverter to control bus voltage. Reactive power is generated or absorbed by the series inverter to control the real and/or reactive power flow on the transmission line. A portion of the real power flow on the transmission line is drawn from the bus by the shunt inverter to charge the DC capacitor. Real power is inserted into the line through the series inverter.

Why Do We Need Reactive Power

Reactive power (vars) is required to maintain the voltage to deliver active power (watts)through transmission lines. Motor loads and other loads require reactive power to convert the flow of electrons into useful work. When there is not enough reactive power, the voltage sags down and it is not possible to push the power demanded by loads through the lines.

Importance of Reactive Power

Refers to the circulating power in the grid that does no useful work Results from energy storage elements in the power grid (mainly inductors and capacitors) has a strong effect on system voltages It must balance in the grid to prevent voltage problems Reactive power levels have an effect on voltage collapse

Reactive Power and Past Events

Voltage drops related to reactive power contributed to blackouts in the West (1996) and in France (1978) PJM itself came close to a blackout due to reactive power problems in 1999 PJM is unusual, they have rigorous regional monitoring of reactive power and rules for its operation and compensation Significant voltage swings due to reactive power in the Midwest and Northeast in 2003

Reactive Power Limitations

Reactive power does not travel very far Usually necessary to produce it close to the location where it is needed A supplier/source close to the location of the need is in a much better position to provide reactive power versus one that is located far from the location of the need Reactive power supplies are closely tied to the ability to deliver real or active power

How Reactive Power Control Implemented

Regulate to control voltage to a desired nominal Value Often, reactive power injections regulate voltage at the location of the injection Control effects tend to be localized Some reactive power supply mechanisms:

Shunt capacitors (fixed and switchable) Synchronous condensers Synchronous generators Static VAR compensators

Synchronous Condensors - synchronous machines designed exclusively to provide reactive power support At the receiving end of long transmission lines In important substations In conjunction with HVDC converter stations. Reactive power output is continuously controllable Static VAR compensators combine capacitors and inductors with fast switching (sub cycle, such as <1/50 sec) timeframe capability Voltage is regulated according to a slope (droop) characteristic

SVC (cont.) Range from absorbing to generating reactive power Advantages: fast & precise regulation of voltage and unrestricted, largely transient-free, capacitor bank switching Disadvantage: same degradation in reactive capability as voltage drops as capacitors Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) solidstate shunt device that generates or absorbs reactive power

member of FACTS device family similar to the SVC in response speed, control capabilities,and the use of power electronics

The general characteristics of SVCs are given in the list that follows.

The lowering of maintenance requirements from the absence of rotating parts. The very fast control-response time. The feasibility of individual phase control. The diminished losses. The high reliability. The lack of contribution to system short-circuit capacity. The generation of harmonics by SVCs except thyristorswitched capacitors (TSCs). The variation of SVC reactive-power generation as the square of terminal voltage when it is operating outside the linear controllable range, leading to a substantial reduction in reactive-power support at lower voltages.

TCR

where = the firing angle measured from positive going zero crossing of the applied voltage.

Fourier analysis is used to derive the fundamental component of the TCR current I1(), which, in general, is given as

TSC, thyristor-switched capacitor (shunt connected controller)

Note: The thyristors can be always turned on for supplying constant Qc or controlled with duty cycle for more flexible feature.