Prof.

Hani Obeid
Faculty of Engineering Applied Sciences University Lec. # 3

Prof. Hani Obeid - Applied Sciences University

BUILDING ACOUSTICS TRANSMISSION OF SOUND BETWEEN SPACES

Dr Hani Obeid - Applied Sciences University

Building acoustics deals with characteristics od sound Transmission between enclosed spaces. Sound can propagate throughout a building via: a. Air b. Building structure Therefore, sound generation mechanism can be divided into Two groups:

1. Sources generate sound directly in air (voice, loudspeakers), These sources are called airborne sound. The insulation for this Type is called airborne sound insulation.

Dr Hani Obeid - Applied Sciences University

Airborne Sound

Airborne sound includes conversation, outdoor noises, music and machine noises (machines usually also produce impact sound). It is the major source of intruding sound from rooms on the same floor and from the outdoors. It is controlled by: 1. Mass (weight), 2. Isolation (decoupling), 3. Absorption 4. Limpness of Construction.
These must be combined with airtight sealing and the elimination of flanking paths (routes by which the sound travels around a partition rather than being stopped by it).

2. Sources which act directly on the structure by means of impact or vibrating equipment (footsteps, slamming doors). These sources are called structure borne sound and is understood as direct impact caused by a vibrating or impacting source directly contacting the structure.

The insulation for this type is called impact sound insulation.

Dr Hani Obeid - Applied Sciences University

Impact Sound
Impact Isolation If the surface receiving the impact, such as a floor, can be isolated from the structure, the impact sound will not be transmitted. Likewise, if the structure can be isolated from the ceiling below, the impact sound will be restricted from traveling into the room below. Isolation of the ceiling of the receiving room can be accomplished with resilient mounting of the drywall panels or lath. This still allows some sound from above to enter the structure and travel to other rooms. Resilient subflooring materials such as insulation board and underlayment compounds are effective, as is heavy carpet over thick under pad. A combination of these methods is necessary to produce ideal attenuation of impact noise. Other sources of structure-borne sound, such as motors, flushing toilets, dishwashers, garbage disposals, blowers, and plumbing, can be isolated from the structure by resilient mounting procedures.

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Flanking paths

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Sound Reduction Index(R) & Noise Reduction

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The transmission coefficient, , is defined as the ratio of the Sound power transmitted by the test element 2 , to the Sound power incident on the test element, 1 , 2 = 1 The sound reduction index, or transmission loss, R, in decibles is defined as = 10
1

=10 log

1 2

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If the sound field in the two rooms are diffuse and the sound Transmitted only through the dividing wall, then the noise Reduction index is: = + 10 Where: NR noise reduction and is equal to: = 2 1 S - area of barrier wall, 2 , - total absorption of the receiving room, 2 . . . 2 - sound pressure level in source room, 1 - sound pressure level in receiving room.
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The Mass Law

Sound transmission requires that the barrier be set into Vibration by the incident sound energy. The sound energy Acts as a force on the wall. The larger the mass, the less it Vibrates. The sound reduction index R may be calculated as follows: = 10 + 14.5 log Where m is the weight of unit surface (the weight of the Wall per square meter), kg/sq.m

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A brick wall (230 mm thick) has a mass of 415 kg/sq.m R=10+14.5 log 415=48 dB And this an economic method of providing sound insulation.

Stiffness and Resonance

The stiffness of a barrier is a function of its material Composition and the rigidity of its mounting. Stiffness acts to reduce sound reduction index as frequency Increases while mass acts to increase it
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Multiple or discontinuous construction

Where the panel is light in weight, a double partition may Give a definite improvement provided that: 1. 2. 3. 4. The gap is large, below 50 mm having no advantage. The two panels are of different superficial weight. The gap contains sound absorbent material. The panels are not coupled together by the method of construction.

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Sound insulation of composite panels

R=10log
1

When calculating the sound insulation of partition consisting of More than one part (e.g. brick wall with a door), it is first Necessary to find the transmission coefficient of each, from this, the average transmission coefficient may be calculated as: = 1 1 + 2 2 + +
Where:

is the average transmission coefficient A is the total area of the partition 1 , 2 , . are areas of each part.

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Reduction of noise by barriers

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Insertion loss values for an ideal solid barrier

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Volume

Shape

Materials

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Reflect

Impact sound

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Structure-borne noise is serious because: 1. There is no air cushion between source and the structure. This sound energy introduced into the structure with minimum attenuation and at great speed. 2. Sound is attenuated by discontinuities in the structure. since the structure must have integrity to carry the loads, These discontinuities are complex and expensive. 3. The entire structure constitutes a network of parallel paths for sound. Therefore, partial solutions are useless. The entire structure must be sound proofed to yield good results. 4. Unlike the air-borne noise, additional mass doesnt usually alleviate floor borne-noise, particularly in long spans where the floor acts as diaphragm.

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Impact sound transmission involves three primary Transmission mechanisms:

1. Direct transmission.
2. Flanking transmission via adjoining structures (walls)

3. Forced motion transmission at low frequencies.

Forced motion transmission at low frequencies is Difficult to control, particularly for timer floors due To its lower stiffness properties.

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Impact sound measurement

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Relative impact noise performance of common floor coverings

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