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Agenda
8 Mbps
8 Mbps
34 Mbps
34 Mbps
140 Mbps
Multiplexing hierarchy
The PDH high capacity transmission networks are based on a hierarchy of digital multiplexed signals: E.1 to E.4. The basic building block is the primary rate of 2.048 Mb/s (E.1). This could be made up of 30 x 64 Kb/s voice channels. This would then be multiplexed up to a higher rate for high capacity transmisson.
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Four signals at the primary rate can be multiplexed up to the secondary rate, E.2, of 8.448 Mb/s and so on up to a rate of 139 Mb/s (E.4). Thus the 139 Mb/s rate represents 64 x 2.048 Mb/s signals and 1920 multiplexed voice channels.
Developing networks
The plesynchronous multiplexing technology, often called PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy), left no room in the signal structures for network management and maintenance functions. We are therefore left with no spare signal capacity to provide improvements in the signal transmission.
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As networks developed inter-connection became increasingly complex. It required banks of multiplexers and large, unreliable distribution frames. It became clear that the original standards, designed for point-to-point links, were just not suitable.
Tributary access
We want to have easy access to an individual tributary, in order that it may be re-routed. We cannot do this without having to demultiplex the whole signal down to the required tributary level. Costs go up as we demultiplex, and they then double because we have to remultiplex the signal back up again.
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No commont standard
Before SDH there were no standards to ensure that equipment from different vendors interworked on the same system. Vendors can have their own unique designs which means we have to buy the same vendors equipment for both ends of the line. Ideally we would like to shop around for the most suitable equipment, without having to keep to the same supplier.
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What we need
Network operating companies have to provide faster, cost effective provisioning of customer circuits and services, as well as control of transmission bandwidth.
SDH Definition
SDH is a standard for high speed high capacity optical telecommunication networks ; more spesifically a synchronous digital hierarchy. It is a synchronous digital transport system aimed at providing a more simple, economic and flexible telecommunications network infrastructure.
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Advantages of SDH
Designed for cost effective, flexible telecoms networking based on direct synchronous multiplexing. Provides built-in signal capacity for advanced network management and maintenance capabilities.
Provides flexible signal transportation capabilities designed for existing and future signals. Allows a single telecommunication network infrastructure interconnects network equipment from different vendors
SDH can be used in all of the traditional network application areas. A single SDH network infrastructure is therefore possible which provides an efficient direct interconnection between the three major telecommunication networks.
The most common SDH line rates in use today are 155.52 Mbps, 622.08 Mbps, 2.5 Gbps, 10 Gbps. SDH is a structure that is designed for the future, ensuring that higher line rates can be added when required.
The SDH signal is transported as a synchronous structure which comprises a set of 8-bit bytes organised into a two dimensional frame. The Truck analogy is a popular way to help us understand the contents of the SDH frame.
Section Overhead
Virtual Container
The Payload
The contents of the container carried by the truck represent the real value. This Payload is analogous to customer traffic, being carried by the container within an SDH frame. This Payload container supports the transportation of spesific tributary signals.
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What actually gets the contentsof the truck to its destination is the tractor unit. This analogous to the network maintenance and management capability carried by the SDH frame, known as its Section OverHead, or SOH.
The Section Overhead (SOH) provides facilities that are required to support and maintain the transportation of customer traffic Safely across the network. THE SOH is split into Multiplexer Section Overhead (MSOH) and Regenerator Section Overhead (RSOH).
Even if the container is loaded on to a different truck, there is a portion of overhead that always remains with it. This is known as the Path OverHead, or POH. The Path Overhead is directly associated with the payload capacity area, and together they form whats known as the Virtual Container.
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9 Rows
= 8 bits/byte
261 x N Columns
9 x N Columns
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The principle for SDH signal frame transmission is: the bytes (8-bit) within the frame structure is transmitted byte-by-byte (bit-by-bit) from left to right and from top to bottom. After one row is transmitted, the next row will follow. After one frame is completed, the next frame will start
ITU-T defines the frequency to be 8000 frames per second for all levels in STM hierarchy
STM-1 Rate : 9 rows x 270 columns x 8 bits/byte x 8000 frames per second
= 155.52 Mb/s
STM-4 Rate : 9 rows x (270 x 4) columns x 8 bits/byte x 8000 frames per second = 622 Mb/s
OVERHEAD ANALYSIS
SDH
MSOH
RSOH POH
MSOH RSOH
RSOH
OVERHEAD ANALYSIS
PATH OVERHEAD Path Trace message Parity check VC structure Alarm & performance info User channel
OVERHEAD ANALYSIS
PATH OVERHEAD
1 J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1 261 1
contd.
11
VC4
AUG-4
4 AUG-1 1 AU-4 3 VC-4 C-4 139264 kbit/s
1 TUG-3
TU-3
VC-3
C-3
34368 kbit/s
7 TUG-2
Go to glossary
TU-12
VC-12
C-12
2048 kbit/s
Rate Adaptation
Add POH
9 Packing
1 125s 84
P O R R H
Multiplexing route: 1X34M 1XTU-3 3XTUG-3 1XAU-4---One STM-1 can load three 34Mbit/s signals
9
Packing 125s Mapping
9
Aligning
9
TU-PTR
9 Same as for C3
Multiplexing route: 1X2M 3XTU12 7XTUG-2 3XTUG-3 1XSTM-1--- One STM-1 can load 3X7X3 = 63X2M Signals Multiplexing structure: 3-7-3 structure
Bidirectional Traffic
Unidirectional Traffic
b) Diversely routed
S e l e c t o r B r i d g i n g
S e l e c t o r B r i d g i n g
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s w i t c h
s w i t c h P r o t e c t i o n T U t r a f f i c T U t r a f f i c
Protection switching mechanism: Switching criteria Transmission quality of each individual channel Usually TU-AIS, TU-LOP alarms
S1
P1
A D C
switch
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Traffic flow when network is broken: Working channels=1-N/2 AU4 Protection channesl=N/2-N AU4
WT R
WTR
Structure: Four fibers Working channels--S1,S2, carry normal traffic Protection channels--P1,P2, protect normal traffic
Description:
1 2 3
S u b n e t w o r k 1
S N C S t a r t i n g N o d e
S N C T e r m i n a t i o n N o d e
S e l e c t o r
N E A
P r o t e c t i o n S N C
N E B S u b n e t w o r k 2
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1 2 3
Working
Working
Switch
Bridge
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Traffic out
Traffic in
Switch
Bridge
Failure in working channels for unidirectional SNCP: Concurrent sending (transmit end) Selective receiving (receive end)
Protection Protection
a) Normal condition Transmitted traffic bridged a) to working and protection paths a) Received traffic switch selects working channel
Working
Bridge
Traffic out
Traffic in
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b) Failure in working channel of incoming traffic a) Receiver switch selects protection path
S1
P1
A D C
P1
A D C
switch