WIND ENERGY

Presented to: Ms. Anam Saeed Presented by Mr. M.Anas <2010-EN-39> Mr. H.M.Rizwan <2010-EN-14> Mr.M.Usman <2010-EN-13> Mr. M.Zeeshan <2010-EN-16> Mr. Sabir Munir Wahla <2010-EN-29> Mr. Moaz Khan <2010-EN-60> Date: Feb. 14, 2013

CONTENTS
Wind Energy Renewable and sustainable energy sources Womd energy and power Principle and workingg of wind turbine Efficient production Global and local production Advantages, disadvantages and conclusion

WIND
Wind is the large scale flow of gases.

On Earth, wind is the bulk movement of air.

Pressure difference causes it to blow. Some force causes this movement which is carried by the wind. Winds are of different speeds and strengths.

ENERGY
Ability to do work.

External agency that causes work to be done or which produces work from force.

E = W = F.d

ENERGY SOURCES
Work is always done because of some energy possessed or applied which may come from:
o o o

Motion Position

External work
All these sources are actually the forces applied on masses and producing acceleration in them.

Law of conservation of energy.

ENERGY SOURCES (contd.)

All the natural forces or the objects possessing a certain amount of transferable force are the sources of energy. These include:
Fossil fuels (possessing energy required for their formation) Earth (gravitition energy) Moving objects (kinetic enrgy from the force moving them)

Elastic objects (elastic energy from force trying to compress them)

ENERGY SOURCES (contd.)

Solar energy (energy from the highly exothermic reactions on its surface) Geothermal energy (energy from the inside warm temperatures) Tidal energy (energy from force moving them) Biomass energy (energy possessed by the components of biomass)

RENEWABLE AND SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SOURCES

Infinity and Limits

Sustainable yield
Laws of thermodynamics. Population Needs Demands for resources Mechanical work Energy demand Sustainable development

RENEWABL E AND SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SOURCES (contd.)

70,000 65,000

Demand
60,000

Supply
55,000 50,000 45,000 40,000 35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000

15,000 10,000 5,000

0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Year

Demand/Supply (MW)

RENEWABLE AND SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SOURCES (contd.)

Renewable resources renew themselves.

Sustainable resources have long life.

Renewable energy resources are:

Wind

Sun
Earth Tides Biomass

WIND AS A SOURCE OF ENERGY

Every moving object possesses energy.

By virtue of its motion, wind also possesses energy.

The force that drives the wind is actually which can be harnessed and used as a source of energy for different works. The driving force is different. However, energy is same.

E = (1/2)*m*v2
E = (1/2)*A*p*t*v3

WIND AS A SOURCE OF ENERGY

Gases or air will remain in existence till the Day of Judgment, so as the wind. The energy possessed by the blowing wind will never end.

A renewable energy resource.

WIND POWER
Because of the driving force, it has strength or power which performs various operations. Cause soil erosion by driving the top soil. Helps self and cross-pollination. Move tides.

Hot air balloons and air flights.

Destruction of structures. Wildfires Cause rainfall in certain areas This power can be harnessed to produce electricity or do mechanical work. Power that can be obtained is given by

P = (1/2)*A*p*v3

HARNESSING WING ENERGY

Obstruction/hindrance to any moving object causes some of its energy to be lost in overcoming the resistance provided. Windmill or wind turbine is used for the purpose.

PRINCIPLE
Resisting the wind motion and utilizing the energy it loses in overcoming the resistance is the principle of windmill or wind turbine work. A high resistance is provided to bring maximum of wind energy into use, but whole of the energy can not be harnessed. 2nd law of Thermodynamics is the hurdle.

Components of Wind Turbine

690V 17

WIND FARM
An open field where a number of wind turbines are installed; all working in conjunction and connected to the same transmission network, to produce maximum result using to the optimum the wind.

WIND FARM

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Key Components of a Wind Farm

Wind Turbines
Civil Works

Foundations Road Network Crane Places Service buildings Residential Quarter Step-up transformers Wiring Sub-station for power delivery

Electrical Works

Wind Measuring Towers

PICTORIAL REPRESENTATION OF ALL STEPS OF INSTALATION.

Implementation - Soil Study

Foundation works

Wind Farm cabling

Coordination Meetings & start of Installation

Installation of Wind Turbine ()

Installation

Internal electrical works

Pakistan first wind turbine

The first wind farm of Pakistan

Steps to install a wind farm

1. WIND ASSESSMENT Available wind data will be used to estimate how much energy the wind farm will produce. 2. ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY To identify any impacts on landscape, plants and wildlife, soil and water, land use, aviation, telecommunications, etc. 3. PERMITTING AND PUBLIC CONSULTATION

To seek municipal, provincial and federal permits before the project can go ahead. To meet the local communities to present the project, solicit their feedback and seek community support.

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Steps to install a wind farm (contd.)

4. ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
demonstration of the economic viability of the project to raise the funds estimate the cost of turbines and their installation, as well as roads, electrical system, operation and maintenance, etc. estimate the income by using the energy production of the wind farm over the lifetime of the project

5. SITE PREPARATION The wind farm site will be prepared before the WT will arrive to site.
access roads, clear the areas where turbines will be erected preparation of the foundations (do the excavating; installing the formworks; pouring concrete)

Steps to install a wind farm (contd.)

6. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE A variety of skill sets are required to ensure the effective operation of a Wind Farm (activities be performed on a regular basis throughout the projects, monitoring and analyzing performance, performing preventive maintenance and repairs on the turbines)

FACTORS FOR MAXIMUM PRODUCTION

As obvious from the equation

P = (1/2)*A*p*v3

To get more energy, we require: "heavier" air bigger rotor higher wind speed

Temperature difference is another factor that determines the strength of wind. Elevation also is a factor driving the wind strength.

Efficiency requirements of different parts of a Wind Turbine.

FACTORS CAUSING LOSS OF WIND POWER

2nd law of Thermodynamics is the biggest hurdle. Insufficiencies; such as rotor blade friction and drag, gearbox losses, generator and converter losses.

GLOBAL PRODUCTION
The capacity of worldwide wind-powered generators was 120.8 GW in 2008. Doubled between 2005 and 2008. Unevenly distributed accounting for approximately 19% of electricity production in Denmark, 10% in Spain and Portugal and 7% in Germany and the Republic of Ireland

 As of 2011, Denmark is generating more than a quarter of its electricity from wind. 83 countries around the world are using wind power on a commercial basis. In 2010 wind energy production was over 2.5% of total worldwide electricity usage, and growing rapidly at more than 25% per annum.

Global Production Trends

Annual Installed Capacity by Region

60,000 50,000 40,000 2004
MW

Pakistan ?

30,000 20,000 10,000 Africa and ME Asia Europe Latin America North America Pacific Region

2005 2006

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WHERE IS PAKISTAN??

HERE IT IS.

Wind Resources in Baluchistan

List of 23: Aghore, Basol, Bella, Gaddani, Gawadar, Hoshab, Hub-Choki, Jiwani, Liari, Makola, Managi, Mand, Nasirabad, Nelunt, Ormara, Othal, Pasni, Phore, Pishukan, Ramra, Tump, Turbat, Winder.

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Wind Resources in Sindh

List of 21 stations: Badin, Baghan, Churhar-Jamali, Gharo, Golarchi, Hawks-Bay, Hyderabad, Jati, Kadhan, Karachi, Kati-Bandar, Matli, Mirpur-Sakro, Nooriabad, Sajawal, Shah-Bandar, Talhar, Thano-BulaKhan, Jamshoro, DHA Karachi, Thatta.

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ADVANTAGES
Cheap

No production cost
Renewable source and can work for long Sustain more population fulfilling more needs

Wind is easily available

Negligible pollution generation Little land requirement

DISADVANTAGES
Useful for limited areas; particularly in shore areas

Noise pollution
High capital cost Transmission difficulties

Killing of birds

CONCLUSION
Doing the complete quantitative analysis of advantages and disadvantages of the wind use of energy using CBA as the tool, it can be concluded that
Wind is the best source of energy and electricity production where its required speeds are frequently available.

It needs to be generated far away from populous areas because of noise since transmission costs are not much high.
High capital cost consumption can save long-term liabilities. It is a Cleaner Production Technique of energy production.

This project transforms the initial high investment cost (US$250 US$1,000)

COST

into less than.the current monthly cost of kerosene and torch batteries used for lighting, resulting in.

S A V I NG S
TIME

CONCLUSION (contd.)
Power management techniques such as having excess capacity storage, backing sources, and exporting and importing power to neighboring areas can greatly mitigate the problems with electricity generation from wind and enhance the profit manifolds.

Since it is going to be a binding for even the developing countries to switch to such energy sources in the near future, wind energy is thought to have a very bright future.