MED-CSP

MED-CSP
Concentrating Solar Power for the Mediterranean Region
WP0: Introduction WP1: Sustainability Goals

WP2: Renewable Energy Technologies

WP3: Renewable Energy Resources
WP4: Demand Side Analysis WP5: Scenario & Market Strategies WP6: Socio-Economical Impacts WP7: Environmental Impacts

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Portfolio of Technologies for the MED-CSP Scenario
Wind Power: Wind power can be generated in distributed wind plants of up to 5 MW capacity each, or in large wind parks interconnecting tens or even hundreds of such plants. There are onshore and offshore wind parks, build into the sea where it is not deeper than 40 m. Photovoltaic : PV systems are typically used for distributed or remote power systems with or without connection to the utility grid. Their capacity ranges from a few Watt to several MW. There are also scenarios for very large pv systems up to 1.5 GW each to be build in desert areas until 2050. Both options have been included in the MED-CSP scenario. Geothermal Hot Dry Rock: Geothermal heat of over 200 C can be delivered from up to 5000 m deep holes to operate organic Rankine cycles or Kalina cycle power machines. Unit sizes are limited to about 100 MW maximum. Biomass Power Generation: Biogas from municipal waste or solid biomass from agricultural or municipal residues and from wood can be used for electricity generation. Their size is usually below 25 MW each. Hydropower: Hydropower is already applied in many MENA countries. It ranges from large multi-Megawatt dams like Aswan to micro-hydropower schemes of several kW capacity. Solar Thermal Electricity: Concentrating solar thermal power (CSP) stations are steam cycle, gas turbine or combined cycle power stations fired with high temperature, concentrated solar energy. Their thermal storage capability and hybrid operation with fuels allows them to provide power on demand. Solar chimneys are also considered as solar thermal power plants, though not concentrating. CSP plants can be build from several kW to several 100 MW capacity. CSP can be used for co-generation of electricity and heat. Oil and Gas fired Power Plants: Oil and gas can be used in steam cycle, gas turbine or combined cycle power plants. All thermal plants can be used for co-generation of electricity and heat. They are build in all capacity classes from several kW to several 100 MW. Coal Steam Plants Only a few countries in MENA use coal fired steam cycles. Coal must be imported. Capacities range from some 10 to several 100 MW. Nuclear Fission and Fusion Nuclear plants use nuclear fission processes to generate steam for steam turbines. There is intensive research on nuclear fusion aiming at providing first results in terms of a first power plant in the year 2050 or beyond. Projected units sizes are in the GW capacity range.

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Renewable Energy for Power Generation

Hydropower (Tauernkraft) Solar Chimney (SBP)

Wind Power (Enercon)

Photovoltaic (NREL)

Hot Dry Rock (Stadtwerke Urach)

Biomass Power (NREL)

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Concentrating Solar Thermal Power Technologies

parabolic trough (PSA) solar tower (SNL)

linear Fresnel (Solarmundo)

parabolic dish (SBP)

Technology

Experience

Next Step

MED-CSP
Parabolic trough reflector with oil-cooled vacuumisolated absorber tube in hybrid steam cycle power plant

SEGS I IX , 354 MW 50+ MW projects installed between 1985 under development and 1991 in California, in Israel and USA since then operating, steam generated in oil/steam heat exchangers at 370C, 100 bar Re-designed and up100 & 150 m units of 2 x 50 MW project EuroTrough Consortium, scaled structure of oilSKAL-ET (up-scaled under development Solarmillennium AG, Flagsol, cooled parabolic trough EuroTrough) collector in Southern Spain Schlaich, Bergermann & for steam cycle operation integrated to SEGS VI in Partner, Schott, Germany California since April (reflectors, structure, absorber 2003 tube) Direct steam generating 700 m DISS test-loop in Concept for a 5 Iberinco, Initec, Ciemat, parabolic trough Plataforma Solar de MW demo plant (Spain) Flagsol, DLR, ZSW Almeria, Spain, direct under development (Germany) steam generation (INDITEP project) demonstrated at 400 C, 100 bar Solar tower system with 240 kW gas turbine 2 x 80 kW gas DLR (Germany), Esco Solar pressurised hot-air central operated first time turbine co(Italy) receiver for solar gas December 2002 at generation system turbine and combined Plataforma Solar de for electricity and cycle operation Almeria, gas turbine cooling under operated at 800 C, construction in Italy 8 bar, (SOLGATE project) Solar tower system with 3 MWthermal TSA project Receiver endurance Solucar, Ciemat (Spain), un-pressurised volumetric in 1996-1998, steam test and concept Heliotech (Denmark), DLR, hot-air receiver generated at 550 C, 100 development for a 2 Kraftanlagen Mnchen, bar; new modular ceramic MW prototype plant (Germany) hot-air-receiver presently within the German tested in the European. Cosmosol project Solair Project Linear Fresnel collector 100 m prototype tested in 200 m test loop for FhG-ISE, PSE, DLR with secondary Liege, Belgium, direct superheated steam (Germany) concentrator and direct saturated steam generated generation at steam generating absorber at 290 C (Solarmundo Plataforma Solar de tube project) Almeria * only selected European main-stream activities are listed, RD&D of CSP technology is also taking place in other parts of the world, mainly USA and Australia

Current Providers/Developers of the Solar Components Solel, Israel (design, absorber), Flagsol (Germany (reflectors)

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Parabolic Trough Projects Algeria Egypt, Kuraymat Mathania, India Israel Italy Iran, Yazd Jordan, Quwairah Mexico, Baja California Morocco, Ain Beni Mathar Spain, Granada, Andasol 1 and 2 Spain, Navarra, EURO-SEGS

World Wide CSP Projects

Power Cycle Hybrid (Gas) Combined Cycle Hybrid (Gas) Combined Cycle Hybrid (Gas) Combined Cycle Hybrid (Coal) Steam Cycle Solar Steam Cycle Hybrid (Gas) Combined Cycle Hybrid (Oil/Gas) Steam Cycle Hybrid (Gas) Combined Cycle Hybrid (Gas) Combined Cycle Solar Steam Cycle Solar Steam Cycle Capacity MWe 140 127 140 100 40 330 140 300 230 2 x 50 15 Solar Cycle Oil Cooling Oil Cooling Oil Cooling Oil Cooling Direct Steam Generation Oil Cooling Oil Cooling Oil Cooling Oil Cooling Oil Cooling, Molten Salt Storage Oil Cooling Solar Capacity MWe 35 29 35 100 40 67 35 29 26 2 x 50 15 Companies New Energy Algeria, Sonatrach, Sonelgaz EEA, NREA Rajasthan Renewable Energy Corporation Ltd. Israel Ministry of National Infrastructure ENEA Iranian Power Development Company NEPCO, Royal Scientific Society Comision Federal de Electricidad Office National d'Electricite (ONE) Solar Millennium Group EHN, Solargenix Solargenix, Nevada Power, Sierra Pacific Power Company Solar Millennium, Fichtner Solar, OADYX ESKOM Companies Austa Energy & Stanwell Corp Companies Abengoa Ghersa, Bechtel, Boeing Esco Solar, SHP Companies Stirling Energy Systems SBP, Stuttgart SBP, Stuttgart SBP, Stuttgart SBP, Stuttgart

USA, Nevada, Eldorado Valley

Solar Steam Cycle

50

Oil Cooling

50

Greece, Crete, Theseus Project South Africa, Northern Cape Linear Fresnel Projects Stanwell Power Station, Australia Central Receiver Projects Spain, Sevilla, Planta Solar 10 (PS-10) Cordoba, Solar Tres Project Italy, Empoli Project Dish-Stirling Projects USA, California, SunCal 2000 Odeillo, France Vellore, India Milano, Italy PSA, Almeria, Spain

Solar Steam Cycle Hybrid (Coal) Steam Cycle Power Cycle Hybrid (Coal) Steam Cycle Power Cycle Solar Steam Cycle Solar Steam Cycle Gas Turbine with Co-generation of Cooling Capacity Power Cycle Stirling Engine Stirling Engine Stirling Engine Stirling Engine Stirling Engine

50 100 Capacity MWe 1440 Capacity MWe 10 15 0.16 Capacity MWe 8 x 0.05 0.1 0.1 0.1 7 x 0.1

Oil Cooling Oil Cooling Solar Cycle Compact Linear Fresnel, Direct Steam Generation Solar Cycle Direct Steam or Volumetric Air Molten Salt Tube Receiver Pressurised Volumetric Receiver Solar Cycle Parabolic Dish Parabolic Dish Parabolic Dish Parabolic Dish Parabolic Dish

50 100 Solar Capacity MWe 35 Solar Capacity MWe 10 15 0.08 Solar Capacity MWe 8 x 0.05 0.1 0.1 0.1 7 x 0.1

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Portfolio of Applications
Electricity Generation: All the technologies investigated within this study can be used for electricity generation. Only biomass, hydropower, geothermal power, solar thermal and conventional power plants can deliver electricity on demand. Co-Generation of Electricity and Heat: All thermo-electric systems like biomass, geothermal, solar thermal and conventional plants can be used for co-generation of electricity and heat. Seawater Desalination: Electricity can be used for seawater desalination by reverse osmosis, while co-generated heat can be applied to multi-effect, vapor compression and multi-stage flash thermal desalination plants. Also combinations are possible. Thermal seawater uses input steam with a temperature range between 70 110 C. Cooling: Electricity can be used directly in conventional mechanical compression chillers for cooling and refrigeration. Co-generated heat can be applied to drive vapor absorption chillers. Vapor compression chillers use input steam with a temperature range between 120 180 C. Industrial Process Heat: Industrial process heat in form of steam or hot air in the temperature range of 50 - 300 C can be delivered by all systems that are capable of cogeneration except geothermal power systems that are restricted to temperatures below 100 C. Integrated Systems and Multipurpose Plants: The collectors of some CSP systems provide shaded areas that could be used for purposes like greenhouse, parking etc. Integrated systems that use power, desalted water and shade for generating a new environment for farming in desert regions could become feasible in the future as countermeasure to desertification and loss of arable land. This requires more investigation on the possibilities and restrictions of such systems.

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CSP Applications Solar or Hybrid Electricity and Combined Heat & Power

Concentrating Solar Collector Field Solar Heat Fuel

Thermal Energy Storage

solar electricity integrated fossil fuel backup capacity, power on demand

Electricity

increased solar operating hours, reduced fuel input

additional process heat for cooling, drying, seawater desalination, etc.

Power Cycle Process Heat

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MULTI-STAGE-FLASH EVAPORATION (MSF)

MULTI-EFFECT EVAPORATION (MED)

REVERSE OSMOSIS (RO)

Source: Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) 2002

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condenser heat to ambient high pressure low pressure cooling load evaporator mechanical compressor
Cooling with Electricity: Vapour Compression Chiller

condenser heat to ambient high pressure low pressure cooling load evaporator

desorber heat from cogen plant

Cooling with Heat: Vapour Absorption Chiller

pump heat to ambient absorber thermal compressor

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Applications of Industrial Co-generation

Chemical Industry

Textile Industry

Pulp & Paper Industry

Food & Tobacco

Wood Industry

Source: SOLGAS Study

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Shaded space underneath Fresnel and MTSA collector fields

Parking
Greenhouse Market

Exhibitions
etc.

Photo: Solarmundo Animation: Phillip Schramek

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Energy production above and biomass production below a linear Fresnel collector field in a CSP multipurpose plant

Photos: Solarmundo

Greenhouse Visualization: Regina Wilde

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Multipurpose plant for the development of arid regions

wood

solar collector and partially shaded crops

steam

power block

salt production thermal desalination plant brine sea water electricity sweet water

freeland crops

pasture