Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Zsofia Meszner MD PhD National Institute of Child Health Szent Lszl Hopital for Infectious Diseases Budapest
Outline
Vaccine preventable infections Vaccination calendar, Hungary 2007
Calendar and optional immunisations
Year
1798 1885 1896 1896 1897 1923 1926 1927 1927 1945 1953 1955 1963 1967
Disease
Rubella Anthrax Meningitis Pneumococcus pneumonia Adenovirus Hepatitis B H. influenzae type b Japanese encephalitis Hepatitis A Varicella Lyme disease Rotavirus Human papillomavirus
Year
1969 1970 1975 1977 1980 1981 1985 1992 1995 1995 1998 1998 2006
Smallpox
<1,000 4,000 15,000 198,000 294,000 386,000 540,000 850,000 600,000 600,000
Clinical Development
Note : Vaccination calendar very ++++ by country (age, schedule, booster doses, etc.) Vaccination Schedules in Europe
Introduction to GCP and Vaccine Trial Methodology, Limelette 29 March to 1 April 2004
Individual
Societal
Economic
Adapted from Anderson & May, Immunisation and herd immunity Lancet 1990;335:641-645
Morbilli - measels
Region
Religious group Genderlacht Campania
Cases
2961* - 137 w/1 dose of
MMR vaccine
Hospitalised
68
(Encephalitis 5)
Died
3
ages 2, 3, 17 yrs
1571?*
101 w/vaccine: - 70 1x MMR - 2 2x MMR - 29 ? MMR
594
(Encephalitis 17)
4
ages 1/2, 4, 10, 29 yrs
>800*
- 8.0% 1x MMR - 0.7% 2x MMR
8 (+?)
(Encephalitis 3)
>7000*
Adapted from Anderson & May, Immunisation and herd immunity Lancet 1990;335:641-645
Methods: Vaccination history of 100 children with measles has been investigated; Results: All of them were given measles vaccine; Conclusion: The vaccine is absolutely ineffective
Correct calculations
Vaccine failure 5%
80
60 40 20 0
1930 1940 1950
1960
1970
Country
Bulgaria Netherlands
Cases
43 71
Causal factor
unimmunised minority populations religious refuseniks (97% national vaccine uptake) immunisation programme halted in Chechnya
1995
Russia
154
1996
Albania
138
1997
Bulgaria
Kano state will not participate in the polio campaign, Kano government spokesman Sule Yau Sule told the press yesterday. Our team made the discovery of contaminants first, remember. Mr Sule was referring to controversial tests of the polio vaccine made by Kano health officials last year. The tests concluded that the vaccine was not safe as it could spread HIV/AIDS and affect womens fertility.
2006: 1119
2006: 672 40 31
http://www.polioeradication.org/content/general/casemap.jpg
: transmission never stopped Global 2006: 1988 cases, including 126 in non-endemic countries
Dyphteria
Francisco Goya 1802-1812
Russia
Ukraine
98 0 2 4
Year
Streptococcus pneumoniae
40
35 30
33,6
32 24,6
25 20 15 10 5 0
17,6 11,9 9
1998/99
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Lexau C et al JAMA 294:2043-51, 2005 and CDC unpublished data, presented by Dr Cynthia Whitney, IDSA 2005
35 30
33,6
32 24,6
73% reduction
17,6 11,9 9
25 20 15 10 5 0
1998/99
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Lexau C et al JAMA 294:2043-51, 2005 and CDC unpublished data, presented by Dr Cynthia Whitney, IDSA 2005
Herd immunity
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in the USA, By Race, Children <5 years old, 1995 2002
250
Cases per 100,000
200 150 100 50 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Ref: Flannery B et al. JAMA 2004
Disease
Safety of vaccination
In time, yes.
Is vaccination the cause of death? Vaccine targeted at very sick patients: High risk population Confusion: Coincidence vs. cause
Causal relationship denied by the Ministry of Health
Example
Learning difficulties, dyslexia, behavioural problems, autism Juvenile IBD
Age-associated
Autoimmune (antigenic overload) Unknown aetiology Degenerative Other
SUDI, autism
Stills disease, MS Juvenile-onset diabetes, asthma
Guillain-Barr syndrome
Heart disease Death
Causal relationships demonstrated as questionable: Multiple sclerosis ..... after hepatitis B vaccination
Confavreux C et al. N Engl J Med 2001; 344:319-26: RR (relapse) 0.71 (95% CI 0.4-1.3) DeStefano F et al. Arch Neurol 2003;60:504-9: OR 0.9 (95% CI 0.6-1.5) Hernan MA et al. Neurology 2004;63:838-42: OR 3.1 (95% CI 1.5-6.3) www.med.harvard.edu/AANLIB/cases/case5/temporal/mr-t2
Risk of Vaccination/yr
?
1 to 2 cases/yr of demyelinating disorders/yr
if
that risk exists
prevented
over a 30 year period
Future
Malaria
TB
Underutilised Vaccines
YF
Influenza
JE Rubella Measles
HepB
Traditional EPI
//
NEW / FUTURE
Also therapy Cancer, other All life stages Also selective populations Combined
Injected
Costs
Paid by
Variable
Taxation
Increasing
Public/private partnership
Safety
Surveillance Intensifying
Melanoma
Wilox R and Markovic SN. Curr Opin Mol Ther 2007;9:7078
Lymphoma
Neelapu SS et al. Blood 2007;[Epub]
Fewer jabs
Alternative delivery: nasal sprays, edible vaccines, mucosal patches