LTE RPESS Part1 v2

Soc Classification level
1 Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date

LTE RPESS
Radio Planning Essentials

Contents
LTE Overview
LTE Architecture
Air Interface
Technologies
OFDMA
SC-FDMA
Physical Layer
Structures
Procedures
L2/L3
Connection Management
Configuration Management
LTE NSN Solution
Release Roadmap & Features
RRM
LTE Performance
NSN LTE Flexi Multimode
LTE Radio Planning
Dimensioning
Link Budget/Dimensioning Tool
Dimensioning Exercise
LTE Planning
Link Level and System Level
Simulations
General Principles
LTE Planning with ATOLL
LTE Deployment Scenarios
Co-siting
Co-planning

Useful Links
Main LTE Planning & Optimization Intranet Page with links to IMS
folders ( NPO Community)
https://inside.nokiasiemensnetworks.com/global/Company/Organisation/Service
s/GlobalBusinessLines/Managed_Services/MSLinesofBusiness/Network_and_
Service_Optimization_SL/Network_design_and_optimization_communities/Mob
ile_Radio/Pages/LTE_Planning_and_Optimization.aspx?redirected=true

Latest version of the Dimensioning Tool
https://sharenet-ims.inside.nokiasiemensnetworks.com/Open/380069775

Air interface Dimensioning Guideline
https://sharenet-ims.inside.nokiasiemensnetworks.com/Open/380538151

Working Instructions for the Dimensioning Tool
https://sharenet-ims.inside.nokiasiemensnetworks.com/Download/397804934

LTE Overview

3GPP UMTS Evolution
LTE is the next step in mobile radio communications after HSPA
Evolution driven by data rate and latency requirements
WCDMA
384 kbps DL
384 kbps UL
RTT ~150 ms
CS/PS
HSDPA/HSUPA
14.4 Mbps peak DL
5.7 Mbps peak UL
RTT <100/50 ms
PS
HSPA +
28 Mbps peak DL
11 Mbps peak UL
RTT < 30 ms ( 2ms
TTI)
PS
EUTRA
100 Mbps peak DL
50 Mbps peak UL
RTT ~10 ms
PS
3GPP
Rel.99/4
3GPP Rel. 5/6 3GPP Rel. 7 3GPP Rel. 8
2003/4 2005/06 HSDPA
2007/08 HSUPA
2008/09
2009/10
UTRA evolution: WCDMA 5MHz UTRA Long Term Evolution:
up to 20 MHz BW
E-UTRA: Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
Main LTE Requirements [3GPP TS25.913]
Peak data rates of uplink/downlink 50/100 Mbps
Reduced Latency:
Enables round trip time <10 ms
Ensure good level of mobility and security
Optimized for low mobile speed but also support high mobile speed
Frequency flexibility and bandwidth scalability:
with 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz allocations
Improved Spectrum Efficiency:
Capacity 2-4 times higher than with Release 6 HSPA
Efficient support of the various types of services, especially from the PS
domain
Packet switched optimized
Operation in FDD and TDD modes
Improved terminal power efficiency
Support for inter-working with existing 3G system and non-3GPP specified
systems
3GPP LTE Background (1/2)
Milestones
End 2004 3GPP workshop on UTRAN Long Term Evolution
March 2005 Study item started
December 2005 Multiple access selected
March 2006 Functionality split between radio and core agreed
September 2006 Study item closed & approval of the work items
December 2007 1st version of all radio specs approved
March 2008 3GPP Release 8 Stage 1 specifications were frozen
December 2008 3GPP freeze of LTE as part of Release 8 ( exceptions
for the EPC to be completed until March2009)
2005 2006 2007 2008
Feasibility
study started
Multiple
access
selected
Feasibility
study closed
Work item
started
Work plan
approved
Stage 2
approved
Stage 3
approved
Radio Specs
approved
3GPP LTE Background (2/2)
Schedule
2009 2100 and 1700 MHz frequency bands selected
2010 Additional frequency bands added (700 & 2600 MHz). Inter-RAT Mobility.
LTE capable devices
2011 Network Sharing. Self-optimized networks. Part of 3GPP Release 9.

2008 2009 2010 2011
Demonstrate
LTE Air
Interface
Performance
Operator Trials.
Friendly-use
networks
LTE Networks
Launch:
commercial
solution
available
(2H2010)
Large Scale LTE
Networks.
VoIP service
optimized.
3GPP R9
3GPP LTE Status (12/2008)
3GPP TSG RAN#38 plenary (12/2007) approved the 1
st
version of the full set of
LTE specs

LTE specs, even when approved, are not 100% completed
Radio Resource Control (RRC) specifications is the biggest open issue
although most of them are solved (Dec 08)

NSN/Nokia and Vodafone introduced an action plan in 3GPP in September 08 to
ensure things will be completed. Different companies took responsibility in
different areas:
Nokia/NSN took 5 topics
Huawei took a single irrelevant issue about Femto cells
Other participants: Ericsson, Qualcomm, Panasonic and NTT DoCoMo
All the Nokia/NSN topics have been solved ( Dec 08)

ASN.1 freezing (start of the protocol backwards compatibility) officially
expected for March 2009
LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) in 3GPP Release 10
ITU has defined schedule for IMT-Advanced (IMT-A) with submission
deadline October 2009

Local area data rate up to 1 Gbps and wide area 100 Mbps

DL Spectral efficiency 2.4 bps/Hz/cell (1.7 bps/Hz/cell in LTE)

3GPP initiated study item to respond to IMT-A in the local area

1st technical 3GPP workshop in April 2008

Study progressing now in 3GPP, mainly WG1 on physical layer issues

Main focus is on LTE Release 8 and not much effort is spent on LTE-
Advanced

Standardisation around LTE
Next Generation Mobile Networks. Is a group of mobile
operators, to provide a coherent vision for technology
evolution beyond 3G for the competitive delivery of
broadband wireless services.
More in www.ngmn.org
Collaboration agreement established in December
1998. The collaboration agreement brings together a
number of telecommunications standards bodies: ARIB,
CCSA, ETSI, ATIS, TTA, and TTC.
More in www.3gpp.org
LTE/SAE Trial Initiative. Is was founded in may 2007 by a
group of leading telecommunications companies.
Its aim is to prove the potential and benefits that the LTE
technology can offer
More in http://www.lstiforum.com/
LSTI
What is new in LTE?
New radio transmission schemes:

OFDMA in downlink
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple
Access
SC-FDMA in uplink
Single Carrier Frequency Division
Multiple Access
MIMO Multiple Antenna Technology

New radio protocol architecture:
Complexity reduction
Focus on shared channel operation, no
dedicated channels anymore

New network architecture:

More functionality in the base
station (eNodeB)
Focus on packet switched domain

Important for Radio Planning
Frequency Reuse 1
No need for Frequency Planning
No need to define neighbour lists
in LTE
Evolution Path to LTE
Operator migration paths to LTE
Enabling flat broadband architecture
TD-SCDMA
GSM /
(E)GPRS
LTE
CDMA
I-HSPA

WCDMA /
HSPA
>90 % of world radio access market migrating to LTE
TD-LTE
MIMO/SIMO
DLink
MIMO/SIMO
DLink
NSN Positioning towards LTE
Worlds 1
st

LTE demo
(Hong Kong
11/06)
1
st
LTE HSPA
Handover
(MWC 02/07)
Press Release Espoo, Finland
Dec.4, 2007
Together with Nokia Siemens
Networks, Panasonic Mobile
Communications is selected by NTT
DoCoMo to be their Super 3G / Long
Term Evolution vendor

LTE supplier for NTT DoCoMo
(12/07)
Drives LTE/SAE trial
initiative (LSTI)
- founding member
- leads LSTI program office
(04/07)
1
st
LTE multi-
user field trial
(11/07)
Most active contributor for LTE
in 3GPP RAN
3GPP RAN1 contributions
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
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RAN1#51
RAN1#50bis
RAN1#50
RAN1#49bis
RAN1#49
1
st
LTE demo on
commercial BTS HW
(MWC 02/08)
Flexi Multimode BTS
Shipments
of
commercial
LTE HW
started

Overview wrap-up

LTE has wide global support among 3GPP and 3GPP2 standardization
bodies

LTE enables >100 Mbps DL and > 50Mbps UL in 20 MHz bandwidth

LTE enables high spectral efficiency (2 to 4 x Release 6 )

LTE allows spectrum refarming thanks to the bandwidth scalability

LTE is based on flat architecture

LTE is harmonized with HSPA and provides smooth inter-working with
GSM/HSPA/CDMA

LTE has frequency reuse 1

Neighbour list definition is optional
LTE Architecture

Network Architecture Evolution
S- GW + P-GW
GGSN
SGSN
RNC
Node B
(NB)
Direct tunnel
GGSN
SGSN
I-HSPA
MME
HSPA R7 HSPA R7 LTE R8
Node B +
RNC
Functionality
Evolved
Node B
(eNB)
GGSN
SGSN
RNC
Node B
(NB)
HSPA
HSPA R6
LTE
User plane
Control Plane
Flat architecture: single network element in user
plane in radio network and core network
Evolved Packet System (EPS) Architecture -
Subsystems
The EPS architecture goal is to optimize the system for packet data transfer
There are no circuit switched components
The EPS architecture is made up of:
EPC: Evolved Packet Core, also referred as SAE by 3GPP ( EPC official NSN
naming!)
eUTRAN: Radio Access Network, also referred as LTE

LTE or eUTRAN EPC
EPC provides access to
external packet IP
networks and performs a
number of CN related
functions (e.g. QoS,
security, mobility and
terminal context
management) for idle
and active terminals
eUTRAN performs all
radio interface related
functions

EPS Architecture
LTE/EPC Network Elements
Main references to architecture in 3GPP specs.: TS23.401,TS23.402,TS36.300
NOTE: Interface names are from draft specification and may not be the final interface names
LTE-UE
Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN)
MME
S10
S6a
Serving
Gateway
S1-U
S11
PDN
Gateway
PDN
Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
PCRF
S7 Rx+
SGi S5/S8
Evolved Node B
(eNB)
X2
LTE-Uu
HSS
Mobility
Management
Entity
Policy &
Charging Rule
Function
S-GW /P-GW

eNB
Inter-cell RRM: HO, load balancing between cells
Radio Bearer Control: setup , modifications and
release of Radio Resources
Connection Mgt. Control: UE State Management,
MME-UE Connection
Radio Admission Control
eNode B Meas. collection and evaluation
Dynamic Resource Allocation (Scheduler)
eNB Functions
IP Header Compression/ de-compression
Access Layer Security: ciphering and integrity
protection on the radio interface
MME Selection at Attach of the UE
User Data Routing to the S-GW/ P-GW
Transmission of Paging Msg coming from MME
Transmission of Broadcast Info (e.g. System info,
MBMS)
Only network element defined as
part of eUTRAN
Replaces the old Node B / RNC
combination from 3G.
Provides all radio management
functions
To enable efficient inter-cell radio
management for cells not attached to
the same eNB, there is a inter-eNB
interface X2 specified. It will allow to
coordinate inter-eNB handovers
without direct involvement of EPC
during this process.

Evolved Node B (eNB)
EPC Network Elements (1/2)
MME: Mobility Management Entity
Pure signalling entity inside the EPC:
Signalling coordination for EPC bearer setup/release
Subscriber attach/detach
Tracking area updates
Roaming Control
Trigger and distribution of paging messages to UE
Radio security control
Authentication, integrity protection

Serving Gateway
Manages the user data in the EPC
Receives packet data from the eNodeB and sends packet data to it

eNB
MME
Serving
Gateway
S1-U
S1-MME
S11
HSS
S6a
EPC Network Elements (2/2)
Packet Data Network Gateway
Connection between EPC and a number of external data networks (comparable
to GGSN in 2G/3G networks)
IP Address Allocation for UE
Packet Routing/Forwarding between
Serving GW and external Data Network
Packet screening (firewall functionality)

Policy and Charging Rule Function
Quality of Service (QoS) negotiation with the external PDN
Charging Policy: How packets should be accounted

HSS: Home Subscriber Server
Permanent and central subscriber database
Stores mobility and service data for every subscriber
Contains AuC ( authentication center) functionality

MME
Serving
Gateway
S5/S8
PDN
Gateway
PDN
SGi
PCRF
S7 Rx+
S11
HSS
S6a
Evolved
Packet
Core (EPC)

Evolved UTRAN (LTE)

LTE Network Interfaces
eNB
eNB
aGW aGW
eNB
eNB
S1
X2
Two types of interfaces:
S1: Many-to-many
relationship between eNBs
and core network nodes
(Access Gateways, aGW)
X2: Direct interfacing
between adjacent eNBs
for handover and RRM
without involving the EPC

Advantages:
Minimises single points of
failure above eNBs
All radio-related issues are
handled in the RAN
Allows RAN Sharing
eNB
LTE Radio Interface and the X2 Interface
LTE-Uu interface
Air interface of LTE
Based on OFDMA in DL and SC-FDMA in
UL
FDD and TDD duplex methods
Scalable bandwidth 1.4MHz to currently
20 MHz
X2 interface
Inter eNB interface
X2AP: special signalling protocol
Functionalities:
In inter- eNB HO to facilitate handover
and provide data forwarding.
In RRM to provide e.g. load information
to neighbouring eNBs to facilitate
interference management
Logical interface: It does not need direct
site-to-site connection, i.e. it can be
routed via core network as well

(E)-RRC User PDUs User PDUs
PDCP
..
RLC
MAC
LTE-L1 (FDD/TDD-OFDMA/SC-FDMA)
TS 36.300
eNB
LTE-Uu
eNB
X2
User PDUs
GTP-U
UDP
IP
L1/L2
TS 36.424
X2-UP
(User Plane)
X2-CP
(Control Plane)
X2-AP
SCTP
IP
L1/L2
TS 36.421
TS 36.422
TS 36.423
TS 36.421
TS 36.420
[currently also in TS 36.300 20]

S1-MME & S1-U Interfaces
S1-MME interface
Control interface between eNB and
MME
S1AP:S1 Application Protocol
MME and UE will exchange non-
access stratum signaling via eNB
through this interface ( i.e.
authentication, tracking area updates)

S1-U interface
User plane interface between eNB and
serving gateway
Pure user data interface (U=User plane)
MME
Serving
Gateway
S1-MME
(Control Plane)
S1-U
(User Plane)
NAS Protocols
S1-AP
SCTP
IP
L1/L2
User PDUs
GTP-U
UDP
IP
L1/L2
TS 36.411
TS 36.411
TS 36.412
TS 36.413
TS 36.414
TS 36.410
[currently in TS 36.300 19]
eNB
S1 interface is divided into two parts:
LTE Air Interface
LTE Technologies
OFDMA in Downlink
SC-FDMA in Uplink
Fast Fourier Transform
Fundamental element in OFDM
FFT/IFFT allows to move between time and frequency domain representation and
is a fundamental block in an OFDMA system
Example below illustrates the FFT for a rectangular pulse:

Advantages:
[+] Simple to implement:
No complex filter system required to detect
such pulses and to generate them
[+] The pulse has a clearly defined duration:
Major advantage in case of multi-path
propagation environments as it simplifies
handling of inter-symbol interference
Disadvantage:
[-] It allocates a lot of spectrum. However the
spectral power density has null points exactly at
multiples of the frequency fs = 1/Ts. This will be
important in OFDM
OFDM Basics
Transmits hundreds or even thousands of separately modulated radio
signals using orthogonal subcarriers spread across a wideband channel
Orthogonality:
The peak ( centre
frequency) of one
subcarrier
intercepts the
nulls of the
neighbouring
subcarriers
15 kHz in LTE: fixed
Total transmission bandwidth
OFDM Basics
Data is sent in parallel across the set of subcarriers, each subcarrier only
transports a part of the whole transmission
The throughput is the sum of the data rates of each individual (or used) subcarriers
while the power is distributed to all used subcarriers
FFT ( Fast Fourier Transform) is used to create the orthogonal subcarriers. The
number of subcarriers is determined by the FFT size ( by the bandwidth)
Power
frequency
bandwidth
OFDM Basics
High spectral efficiency and little interference between channels
Robust in multi-path environments thanks to Cyclic Prefix
Frequency domain scheduling offer high potential for throughput gain

Severe High PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio)
Small subcarrier spacing makes it more sensitive to frequency offset
( subcarriers may interfere each others)

Total channel bandwidth
Transmitted frequency spectrum:
S/
P
IFF
T
CP
Modulation
mapping
e.g. QPSK
symbols
Transmitter structure
Receiver structure
P/
S
FF
T
CP
Re-
moval
Modulation
mapping
e.g. QPSK
symbols
Pros:
Cons:
OFDMA Operation:
OFDM and Multipath
Multipath causes Inter Symbol Interference ( ISI) which affects the subcarrier
orthogonality due to phase distortion
Solution to avoid ISI is to introduce a Guard Period ( Tg) after the pulse
Tg needs to be long enough to capture all the delayed multipath signals
To make use of that Tg (no transmission) Cyclic Prefix is transmitted

4
time
Ts
Time Domain
time
time
T
g

1
2
3
time
When the delay
spread of the multi-
path is greater than
the guard period
duration (Tg) there is
inter-symbol
interference (ISI)
4
1
2
3
Cyclic Prefix (CP) and Guard Time
Note: CP represents an
overhead resulting in symbol
rate reduction.
CP ratio reduces the
bandwidth efficiency but the
benefits in terms of minimising
the ISI compensate for it
t
total symbol time T(s)
Guard Time
T(g)
CP
T(g)
Useful symbol
time T(b)
Consists in copying the last part of a symbol shape for a duration of guard-time
and attaching it in front of the symbol
CP needs to be longer than the channel multipath delay spread.
A receiver typically uses the high correlation between the Cyclic Prefix (CP) and
the last part of the following symbol to locate the start of the symbol and begin
then with decoding
2 CP options in LTE:
Normal CP: for small cells or with short multipath delay spread
Extended CP: designed for use with large cells or those with long delay profiles

Doppler in OFDM and Loss of Orthogonality
Doppler effect (shift): Change in frequency of a wave due to the relative motion of
source and receiver.
Symbols are distorted in the time domain
Frequency shifts make symbol detection inaccurate
MCS schemes with high number of bits per subcarrier (high data rates) are not suitable
for MSs moving at high speed
Doppler only impacts SINRs at the higher range i.e. > 20dB

It reduces orthogonality
The frequency domain
subcarriers are shifted causing
inter-carrier interference (ICI)
The nulls of interferers and
peaks of signals will not coincide

ICI in the absence of orthogonality
OFDMA Symbol
OFDMA is an extension of OFDM technique to allow multiple user transmissions
and it is used in other systems like Wi-Fi, DVB and WiMAX .
OFDMA Symbol is defined in the time and in the frequency domains
Time domain: Time period occupied by the modulation symbols on all
subcarriers. Represents all the data being transferred in parallel at a point in
time
Frequency domain: A symbol is made up of subcarriers.
In LTE, a channel supports 12 subcarriers and it is 180kHz wide ( 12 x 15kHz)
OFDM symbol duration including CP
is aprox. 71.4 s (*)
Long duration when compared with
3.69s for GSM and 0.26s for
WCDMA allowing a good CP duration
Robust for mobile radio channel with
the use of guard internal/cyclic prefix
Symbol length without considering
CP: 66.67s ( 1/15kHz)
(*) normal CP
Subcarrier types

Data subcarriers: used for data transmission
Reference Signals:
used for channel quality and signal strength estimates.
They dont occupy a whole subcarrier but they are periodically embedded in the stream
of data being carried on a data subcarrier.

Null subcarriers (no transmission/power):
DC (centre) subcarrier: 0Hz offset from the channels centre frequency
Guard subcarriers: Separate top and bottom subcarriers from any adjacent channel
interference and also limit the amount of interference caused by the channel. Guard
band size has an impact on the data throughput of the channel.
Guard (no power)
DC (no
power)
data
Guard (no power)
OFDMA Parameters
Channel bandwidth: Bandwidths ranging from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz
Data subcarriers: They vary with the bandwidth
72 for 1.4MHz to 1200 for 20MHz

OFDMA Parameters
Frame duration: 10ms created from slots and subframes
Subframe duration ( TTI): 1 ms ( composed of 2x0.5slots)
Subcarrier spacing: Fixed to 15kHz ( 7.5 kHz defined for MBMS)
Sampling Rate: Varies with the bandwidth but always factor or
multiple of 3.84 to ensure compatibility with
WCDMA by using common clocking

Frame Duration
Subcarrier Spacing
Sampling Rate ( MHz)
Data Subcarriers
Symbols/slot
CP length
1.4MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz
10 ms
15 kHz
Normal CP=7, extended CP=6
Normal CP=4.69/5.12 sec., extended CP= 16.67sec.
1.92 3.84 7.68 15.36 23.04 30.72
72 180 300 600 900 1200
10ms
Peak-to-Average Power Ratio in OFDMA
The transmitted power is the sum of the
powers of all the subcarriers

Due to large number of subcarriers, the
peak to average power ratio (PAPR)
tends to have a large range

The higher the peaks, the greater the
range of power levels over which the
power amplifier is required to work
Having a UE with such a PA that works
over a big range of powers would be
expensive
Not best suited for use with mobile (
battery-powered) devices
SC-FDMA in UL
Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple
Access: Transmission technique used for Uplink
Variant of OFDM that reduces the PAPR:
Combines the PAR of single-carrier system with the
multipath resistance and flexible subcarrier
frequency allocation offered by OFDM.
It can reduce the PAPR between 69dB compared
to OFDMA
TS36.201 and TS36.211 provide the mathematical
description of the time domain representation of an
SC-FDMA symbol.
Reduced PAPR means lower RF hardware
requirements ( power amplifier)
S
C
-
F
D
M
A

O
F
D
M
A

SC-FDMA and OFDMA Comparison (1/2)
OFDMA transmits data in parallel across multiple subcarriers
SC-FDMA transmits data in series employing multiple subcarriers
In the example:
OFDMA: 6 modulation symbols ( 01,10,11,01,10 and 10) are transmitted per
OFDMA symbol, one on each subcarrier
SC-FDMA: 6 modulation symbols are transmitted per SC-FDMA symbol using
all subcarriers per modulation symbol. The duration of each modulation symbol
is 1/6
th
of the modulation symbol in OFDMA
OFDMA
SC-FDMA
SC-FDMA and OFDMA Comparison (2/2)
SC-FDMA Operation
The parallel transmission of multiple symbols in OFDMA creates high PAR
SC-FDMA avoids this by additional processing before the IFFT: modulation
symbols are presented to FFT. The output represents the frequency components
of the modulation symbols.
Subcarriers created by this process have a set amplitude that should remain
nearly constant between one SC-FDMA symbol and the next for a given
modulation scheme which results in little difference between the peak power and
the average power radiated on a channel

OFDM
transmission
SC-FDMA
transmission
Uplink Air Interface Technology
SC-FDMA
User multiplexing in frequency domain ( in OFDMA the user multiplexing is in
sub-carrier domain)
One user always continuous in frequency
Smallest uplink bandwidth, 12 subcarriers: 180 kHz (same for OFDMA in
downlink)
Largest uplink bandwidth: 20 MHz (same for OFDMA in downlink)
Terminals are required to be able to receive & transmit up to 20 MHz, depending on
the frequency band though

other users interference
localized in frequency
User 2 f
User 1 f
f
Receiver
OFDMA and SC-FDMA vs. CDMA
Larger bandwidths and frequency flexibility
OFDM provides performance benefits over CDMA based system when the bandwidth
increases beyond 5 MHz
OFDM makes it simpler to provide different bandwidths
Frequency Domain Scheduling
OFDM can take benefit of frequency domain scheduling which increases capacity up to
50% compared to CDMA
Reduced UE power consumption
LTE uplink uses SC-FDMA which enables better power amplifier efficiency. SC-FDMA
technology was not available when UMTS multiple access selection was done, but first
articles were just being published at the time (around 1997)
Simpler multi antenna operation
Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna technologies, emerging over the past few
years, are required to achieve the LTE bit rate targets.
MIMO is simpler to implement with OFDM than with CDMA
Same multiple Access Techniques for FDD and TDD in LTE
OFDMA in DL and SC-FDMA in UL. In WCDMA, TDD mode is different than FDD
although some harmonization was done e.g. chip rates and coding solutions
Physical Layer

Physical Layer Structure and Channels
Introduction
It provides the basic bit transmission functionality over air

LTE physical layer based on OFDMA downlink and SC-FDMA in uplink
direction
This is the same for both FDD and TDD mode of operation

No need of RNC like functional element
Everything radio related can be terminated in the eNodeB

System is reuse 1, single frequency network operation is feasible
No frequency planning required

There are no dedicated physical ( neither transport) channels
anymore, as all resource mapping is dynamically driven by the scheduler

LTE Physical Layer Structure Frame Structure
(FDD)
FDD Frame structure ( also called Type 1 Frame) is common to both uplink and
downlink.
Divided into 20 x 0.5ms slots
Structure has been designed to facilitate short round trip time

10 ms frame
0.5 ms slot
s
0
s
1
s
2
s
3
s
4
s
5
s
6
s
7
s
18
s
19
..
1 ms sub-frame
SF
0
SF
1
SF
2
SF
9
..
sy
4
sy
0
sy
1
sy
2
sy
3
sy
5
sy
6
0.5 ms slot
SF
3
- Frame length =10 ms
- FDD: 10 ms sub-frame for UL and
10 ms sub-frame for DL
- 1 Frame = 20 slots of 0.5ms each
- 1 slot = 7 ( normal CP) or 6
symbols ( extended CP)
SF: SubFrame
s: slot
Sy: symbol
LTE Physical Layer Structure Frame Structure
(TDD)
TDD has a single frame structure also called Frame Type 2 : similar in time-
domain to the FDD but with some specific fields to enable also TD-SCDMA co-
existence (China):
Common frame structure and slot duration allows to parameterize the LTE TDD mode of
operation so that the site can have compatible UL and DL split (static parameter)
Each half frame carries six subframes and three specialized fields ( inherited from
TD-SCDMA): DwPTS, GP, UpPTS
Subframes 0 and DwPTS are reserved for downlink; subframe1 and UpPTS are
reserved for UL. Remaining fields are dynamically assigned between UL and DL.
SF
#0
. . .
f
time
UL/DL
carrier
radio frame 10 ms
subframe 0
D
w
P
T
S

G
P

U
p
P
T
S

SF
#1
SF
#5
subframe 1 subframe 5
SF
#0
. . .
D
w
P
T
S

G
P

U
p
P
T
S

SF
#1
SF
#5
subframe 0
subframe 1
Subframe 5
half frame
DwPTS: Downlink Pilot time Slot
UpPSS: Uplink Pilot Time Slot
GP: Guard Period to separate between UL/DL
Downlink Subframe
Uplink Subframe
Subframe structure and CP length
Short cyclic prefix:
Long cyclic prefix:
Copy
= Cyclic prefix
= Data
5.21 s
16.67 s
Subframe length is 1 ms for all bandwidths
Slot length is 0.5 ms
1 Subframe= 2 slots
Slot carries 7 symbols with normal cyclic prefix or 6 symbols with long
prefix
CP length depends on the symbol position within the slot:
Normal CP: symbol 0 in each slot has CP= 160 x Ts (5.21s and remaining
symbols CP= 144 x Ts ( 4.7s)
Extended CP: CP length for all symbols in the slot is 512 x Ts ( 16.67s)
Ts: sampling time of the
overall channel. Basic Time
Unit.
Ts =
1 sec
Subcarrier spacing X max FFT size
Ts = 32.5nsec
Resource Block and Resource Element
Physical Resource Block or Resource Block ( PRB or RB):
12 subcarriers in frequency domain x 1 slot period in time domain.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Subcarrier 1
Subcarrier 12
1
8
0

K
H
z

1 slot 1 slot
1 ms subframe
Capacity allocation is based
on Resource Blocks
Resource Element ( RE):
1 subcarrier x 1 symbol period
Theoretical minimum capacity
allocation unit
1 RE is the equivalent of 1
modulation symbol on a
subcarrier, i.e. 2 bits for QPSK,
4 bits for 16QAM and 6 bits for
64QAM.
Resource
Element
DL Physical Channels
PDSCH: Physical Downlink Shared Channel
Carries user data
PBCH: Physical Broadcast Channel
For system info (cell IDs, cell status,
allowed services, RACH parameters)
PMCH: Physical Multicast Channel
For multicast traffic as MBMS services
PCFICH: Physical Control Format Indicator Ch
Carries details of PDCCHs format (e.g.# of
symbols)
PDCCH: Physical Downlink Control Channel
Carries resource assignment messages for
downlink capacity allocations and scheduling
grants for uplink allocations
PHICH: Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator
Channel
Carries H-ARQ Ack/Nack messages from
eNB to UE in response to UL transmission
BCH
BCCH PCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH MCCH MTCH
PCH DL-SCH MCH
PBCH
PDSCH PMCH
PDCCH
PCFICH
PHICH
REFERENCE
SIGNALS
Logical
Transport
PHYS.
There are no dedicated
channels in LTE, neither UL
nor DL
Reference Signals: OFDMA Channel Estimation
Channel estimation in LTE is based on reference signals ( like CPICH functionality
in WCDMA)
Reference signals position in time domain is fixed ( 0 and 4 for Type 1 Frame)
whereas in frequency domain it depends on the Cell ID
In case more than one antenna is used ( e.g. MIMO) the Resource elements
allocated to reference signals on one antenna are DTX on the other antennas
Reference signals are modulated to identify the cell to which they belong.
Antenna 1
Antenna 2
s
u
b
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
s

symbols
6 0
symbols
6 0
s
u
b
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
s

DL Physical Channels Allocation
PBCH:
Occupies the central 72 subcarriers across 4 symbols
Transmitted during second slot of each 10 ms radio frame on
all antennas
PCFICH:
Can be transmitted during the first 3 symbols of
each TTI
Occupies up to 16 RE per TTI
PHICH:
Normal CP: Tx during 1
st
symbol of each TTI
Extended CP: Tx during first 3 symbols of each TTI
Each PHCIH group occupies 12 RE
PDCCH:
Occupies the RE left from PCFICH and PHICH within the first 3
symbols of each TTI
Minimum number of symbols are occupied. If PDCCH data is
small then it only occupies the 1
st
symbol
PDSCH:
Is allocated the RE not used by signals or other physical
channels

RB
Synchronization Signals allocation (DL)
Synchronization signals:

Transmitted during the 1
st
and 11
th
slots
within a radio frame

Occupy the central 62 Subcarriers (around
the DC subcarrier) to facilitate the cell
search

5 Subcarriers above and 5 Subcarriers
below the synch. Signals are reserved and
transmitted as DTx

Synchronisation Signal can indicate 504
(168 x 3) CellID different values and from
those one can determine the location of cell
specific reference symbols
UL Physical Channels
PUSCH: Physical Uplink Shared Channel
Intended for the user data (carries traffic for
multiple UEs)
PUCCH: Physical Uplink Control Channel
Carries H-ARQ Ack/Nack indications, uplink
scheduling request, CQIs and MIMO feedback
If control data is sent when traffic data is being
transmitted, UE multiplexes both streams
together
If there is only control data to be sent the UE
uses Resources Element at the edges of the
channel with higher power
PRACH: Physical Random Access Channel
For Random Access attempts. PDCCH
indicates the Resource elements for PRACH
use
PBCH contains a list of allowed preambles
(max. 64 per cell in Type 1 frame) and the
required length of the preamble
RACH
CCCH DCCH DTCH
UL-SCH
PRACH
PUSCH PUCCH
Logical
Transport
PHYS.
RLC
MAC
Uplink Subframe Structure (PUSCH)
Frame Structure Similar to DL: 10 ms frame consisting in 20 slots of 0.5ms
1 slot carries 7 SC-FDMA symbols in case of Normal CP and 6 SC-FDMA
symbols if Extended CP.
Symbol 3 in each slot carries the uplink Reference Signal ( normal CP) for
channel Demodulation, remaining 6 symbols are available for traffic and
control data
Momentary data rate (controlled by the eNodeB scheduler) depends on the
allocated transmission bandwidth (and CP length)
UEs are assigned capacity in terms or Resource Blocks but only transmit across a
subset of Subcarriers within each RB

Demodulation Reference Signal
Normal CP slot
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
10 ms frame
0.5 ms slot
s
0
s
1
s
2
s
3
s
4
s
5
s
6
s
7
s
18
s
19
..
SF
0
SF
1
SF
2
SF
9
.. SF
3
UL TTI =1ms ( as in downlink)
Uplink Resource Block
Time Domain
Signal
Generation
(IFFT)
Reference Symbols
0.5 ms slot
Resource Block: 12
subcarriers in frequency
domain, 1 slot in time
domain
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Modulation
symbols
after FFT
N

x

1
2

S
u
b
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
s

R
E
S
O
U
R
C
E

B
L
O
C
K

Reference Symbols
Resource Elements
for Control and
Data symbols
Normal CP (7 symbols)
SC-FDMA symbols
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

d
o
m
a
i
n

Uplink Resource Mapping
Demodulation Reference
Signal:
Always on symbol 3 of each slot
(normal CP)

PUSCH mapping:
Data is allocated in multiples of
1 RB ( 12 subcarriers in frequency
domain). Only factors of 2, 3 and
5 resource blocks are allowed

PUCCH mapping:
If PUCCH not multiplexed with
PUSCH then it is transmitted on a
reserved frequency region.
PUCCH occupies RBs at both
edges of the uplink bandwidth ( in
green in the picture on the right)

Random Access Channel (PRACH)
RACH operation uses around 1.08 MHz bandwidth
This is equal to 6 resource blocks of 180 kHz
The location of those resource blocks is dynamically defined by 2 RRC Layer
Parameters (PRACH Configuration Index and PRACH Frequency offset)
4 possible PRACH durations ( PRACH configuration index parameter selects one of the
4)
PRACH only carries the preambles and it is used during the RACH process
Similar ramping as with WCDMA (due inaccuracy of absolute power level setting in
devices, +/- 9 dB in WCDMA, similar values expected in LTE)

307200T
s
T
PRE
T
GT
T
CP
Preamble

CP

0.1 ms
0.1 ms
0.8 ms
b
0
b
1
QPSK
Im
Re
10
11
00
01
b
0
b
1
b
2
b
3
16QAM
Im
Re
0000
1111
Im
Re
64QAM
b
0
b
1
b
2
b
3
b
4
b
5
3GPP standard defines the following options: QPSK,
16QAM, 64QAM in both directions ( UL and DL)
UL 64QAM not supported in RL10
Not every physical channel is allowed to use any
modulation scheme:
Scheduler decides which form to use depending on carrier
quality feedback information from the UE

Modulation Schemes
QPSK:
2 bits/symbol
16QAM:
4 bits/symbol
64QAM:
6 bits/symbol
Physical
channel
Modulation
PDSCH QPSK,
16QAM,
64QAM
PMCH QPSK,
16QAM,
64QAM
PBCH QPSK
PDCCH
(PCFICH,
PHICH)
QPSK
PUSCH QPSK,
16QAM,
64QAM
PUCCH BPSK
and/or
QPSK
Channel Coding
User data (including paging
messages and multicast data)
are turbo encoded, (encoder
from WCDMA)
The control information with
Convolutional encoding
Note however open issues in
the specs currently
Tail biting Convolutional codes
to be used
Turbo codes would be difficult to
beat with big margin thus no
point adapting something
different
Data
CRC Attachment
Code Block
Segmentation and
CRC Attachment
Channel Coding
Rate Matching
Channel Coding
Code Block
Concatenation
Data and Control
Multiplexing
Channel
Interleaver
Control
Physical Layer Compared to HSPA
LTE builds on the learning of several WCDMA/HSPA Releases and covers from
the start HARQ, BTS scheduling and adaptive coding and modulation (+ multiple
antenna TX/RX with MIMO) to improve the performance
Feature
Multiple Access
Fast power control
Adaptive modulation
BTS based scheduling
LTE
OFDMA
SC-FDMA
No
Yes
Time/Freq
HSUPA
WCDMA
Yes
Yes
Time/Code
Fast L1 HARQ Yes Yes
HSDPA
WCDMA
No
(associated DCH only)
Yes
Time/Code
Yes
Largest BW 20 MHz 5 MHz 5 MHz
Soft handover No Yes
No
(associated DCH only)
Physical Layer Procedures
LTE Timing Advance
eNB measures and adjusts each UE uplink timing offset so each transmission
arrives within its allocated slot period
eNodeB notes the deviation of each UE transmission from the required arrival
time. It returns a TA msg. to each UE with the amount of change ( +or -) required
TA adjustments granularity: 0.52usec
Cases:
When no Timing Alignment is established ( initially) or UE is out of synch:
TA is obtained with the Random Access Procedure
Initial timing advance based on received RACH preambles per UE
When UE has previously established time alignment:
Periodic update of UL timing
Timing based on received PUSCH on TTI bases or aperiodic CQI reports on PUCCH
Measurement not standardized within 3GPP

LTE Channel Quality Indicator ( CQI)
Indicates the DL channel quality as experienced by the UE
Based on downlink reference symbols
UE proposes eNB and optimum MCS so BLER is on target
Note: CQI not only in time domain ( like HSDPA) but also in frequency domain
Types of CQI reporting ( via RRC to UE):
Periodic: For PUSCH and PUCCH
Aperiodic: Only for PUSCH
Meaning of CQI reporting ( for periodic and aperiodic):
Wideband CQI: Referred to the complete system BW.
Sub-band CQI: value per sub-band ( certain # of RB) that is configured by
higher layers.
In case of Spatial Multiplexing ( MIMO) a CQI per code word needs to be reported:
individual MCS per code word
Cell Search Procedure (1/2)
Process by which UE acquires time and frequency synchronization with a cell and
detects the Cell ID
Based on SCH and BCH
SCH: P-SCH and S-SCH allow to acquire the symbol timing and frequency
synchronization of downlink signal
BCCH: cell/system info MIB - ( e.g.cell bandwidth, # of antenna transmitters, CP
length)
Step 1:
Upon power on, UE scans for the stronger cell. UE searches for the primary
synchronization signals carrying the Physical Cell ID index (3 different possibilities:
0,1,2)
Coarse synchronization: frequency and symbol slot synchronization

Step 2:
UE determines with the secondary synch signal the Physical Cell ID group (out of
168 values)
In LTE, there are 504 physical layer cell identities grouped into 168 groups
each one of them contains 3 cell ID
Frame synchronization
Cell Search Procedure (2/2)
Step 3:
Synch signal info is also used to determine the cell specific reference symbols
to facilitate demodulation of BCH after obtaining frequency and timing
synchronization from synchronization signals

After successful BCH decoding the UE may access the system (RACH procedure)
UE gets the cell/system information

P-SCH: coarse frequency
synch and symbol, slot and
subframe synchronization
S-SCH: frame
synchronization ( boundaries
of 10ms frame)
BCH: cell information
RACH Procedure
Random access procedure handled by MAC and PHY Layer through PRACH (in
UL) and PDCCH ( in DL)
RACH only carries the preambles and occupies 6 resource blocks in a subframe
Process:
UEs selects randomly a preamble from the list of preambles broadcasted in the
BCCH
UE calculates OLPC parameters ( Initial Tx Power)
Checks contention parameters (i.e. max. number of retries)
UE transmits initial RACH and waits for a response before retry. Open loop PC
ensures that each retry will be at a higher power level.
Upon receipt of successful UL RACH preamble, eNB calculates power adjustment
and timing advance parameters together with an UL capacity grant ( so UE can
send more info )

DL
PUSCH: UE specific data
PRACH
response
UL
Preamble
Not detected
Preamble
Next
PRACH
resource
On the resources indicated by PDCCH
HARQ: Physical Layer Retransmission Procedure
H-ARQ: Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request

Handled by PHY Layer and MAC
UE ( DL HARQ) or eNodeB ( UL HARQ) requests retransmissions of data packets
incorrectly received
HARQ principle used is stop-and-wait-ARQ
8 HARQ processes can be used for continuous operation both uplink and downlink
ACK/NACK info is transmitted in UL via PUCCH or PUSCH and in DL via PHICH
From scheduler buffer
PUSCH/PDSCH
CRC Check
Result
Fail Pass
To RLC
LTE Measurements
Intra LTE measurements ( from LTE to LTE)
UE measurements
CQI measurements ( seen previously)
Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP)
Reference Signal Received Quality ( RSRQ)
eNB measurements
Non standardized (vendor specific): TA, Average RSSI, Average
SINR, detected PRACH preambles, transport channel BLER
Standardized: DL RS Tx Power, Received Interference Power,
Thermal Noise Power
Measurements from LTE to other systems
UE measurements are mainly intended for handover.
UTRA FDD: CPICH RSCP, CPICH Ec/No and carrier RSSI
GSM: GSM carrier RSSI
UTRA TDD: carrier RSSI, RSCP, P-CCPCH
CDMA2000: 1xRTT Pilot Strength, HRPD Pilot Strength
UE Measurements: RSRP and RSRQ
RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power)
Average of power levels (in [W]) received across all Reference Signal symbols
within the considered measurement frequency bandwidth.
UE only takes measurements from the cell-specific Reference Signal elements of
the serving cell
If receiver diversity is in use by the UE, the reported value shall be equivalent to
the linear average of the power values of all diversity branches

RSRQ ( Reference Signal Received Quality)
Defined as the ratio NRSRP/(E-UTRA carrier RSSI), where N is the number of
RBs of the E-UTRA carrier RSSI measurement bandwidth. The measurements in
the numerator and denominator shall be made over the same set of resource
blocks

Note: 3GPP has open issues on these e.g. measurement bandwidth on RSSI

LTE Layer 2/3
LTE Protocol Layers
RRC
RLC
MAC
Physical Layer
PDCP
Transport Channels
Logical Channels
Radio Bearers
Control-plane
User-plane
L
a
y
e
r

2

RRC:
Broadcast of system information
Radio connection management & Radio
bearers
Paging, handovers, QoS management,
Radio Measurement Control
PDCP:
Ciphering, Header Compression (RoCH)
Integrity protection for C-plane data
Transfer of U-plane and RRC Data
MAC:
Mapping & multiplexing of logical
channels to transport channels
Hybrid-ARQ error correction
Priority handling, Scheduling
Random access management
Transport format selection

Physical Channels
L
a
y
e
r

3

L
a
y
e
r

1

RLC:
Retransmission control (ARQ)
Concatenation, Segmentation and
reassembly of RLC SDUs
Managing different transfer modes
Transfer of upper-layer PDUs
PDCP
eNodeB
RLC
MAC
Physical Layer
PDCP
UE
RLC
MAC
Physical Layer
RRC RRC
Layer 2 Protocols
Layer 2 protocols (MAC & RLC) terminate in the eNodeB
Also PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol) terminates in the
eNodeB
In WCDMA all of them terminated in the RNC
RLC is dedicated to functions independent of physical aspects ( i.e.
reliable data transmission, in-sequence packet delivery)
MAC is dedicated to medium dependent functions ( i.e. scheduling,
HARQ)

User Plane
PDCP
eNodeB
RLC
MAC
Physical Layer
PDCP
UE
RLC
MAC
Physical Layer
Control Plane
LTE Layer 2 Structure
Header
Compressions
for data (not
signaling)
Ciphering for
data and
signaling
Segm.
ARQ etc
Multiplexing UE
1
Segm.
ARQ etc
...
HARQ
Multiplexing UE
n
HARQ
BCCH PCCH
Scheduling / Priority Handling
Logical Channels
Transport Channels
MAC
RLC
Segm.
ARQ etc
Segm.
ARQ etc
PDCP
ROHC ROHC ROHC ROHC
Radio Bearers
Security Security Security Security
...
Note: In WCDMA PDCP was
only for user plane, now it is also
for control plane due ciphering
L2: Logical and Transport Channels DL
The transport channels from the MAC layer are mapped to the physical
channels
Multiplexed flows in a transport channel can contain data from a single
user from multiple users

Note: No multicast in NSN
implementation
L2: Logical and Transport Channels UL
MAC layer provides the logical channels to RLC layer
Transport channels in LTE have been reduced ( also for DL direction)
by using in shared channel operation ( no dedicated channels like in
WCDMA)

MAC Layer: MAC PDU Structure
In LTE, upper-layer data is carried in Transport Blocks ( same as UMTS Rel 99)

Transport Blocks arrive to the MAC layer where they are placed into MAC PDUs

Fields of MAC PDU can have variable size but the MAC PDU itself needs to fit
into Physical Layer Resource Blocks to which it will be mapped

MAC SDU can belong to different logical channels ( multiplexing is possible)

MAC header contains information for each of the SDU, MAC Control Element or
Padding in the MAC PDU
Payload with type indicated in the header
MAC header MAC SDU MAC SDU

MAC Control Elements
Padding
(opt.)
RLC Layer: Transmission Modes
RLC uses different connection modes to deal with different types of bearers:
RLC TM (Transparent mode):
Only to common channels (BCCH, CCCH and PCCH) which do not have HARQ
RLC doesnt do anything to Transparent mode Bearers

RLC UM ( Unacknowledged Mode):
Sequential transfer and reordering is performed: Header has sequence number
and info of the last received packet
Duplicated and errored PDUs are discarded
No retransmission supported

RLC AM ( Acknowledged Mode):
Biggest difference to WCDMA: Lack of ciphering, data comes ciphered from
PDCP layer
Sequential transfer and reordering: Retransmission of errored or missing PDUs
Layer 3: RRC
Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling is also terminated in eNode B
(compared to RNC in WCDMA)
Some of RRC Functions:
System Information Broadcasting
Paging
RRC Connection Management ( creating, modifying and deleting Radio
Bearers)
Mobility Management (measurement control and reporting)
Control Plane LTE protocol stacks
PDCP
eNodeB
RLC
MAC
Physical Layer
PDCP
UE
RLC
MAC
Physical Layer
RRC RRC
LTE UE Connection Management Overview
Mobility and Connection States (1/2)
2 sets of states for the UE are defined based on the information held in the MME:
EMM: EPS Mobility Management States
ECM: EPS Connection Management States
EMM:
EMM- DEREGISTERED
MME holds no valid location information about the UE (location unknown)
EMM- REGISTERED
UE performs Tracking Area Update procedures to notify availability
UE responds to paging messages
UE performs service request procedure to establish the radio bearers when
uplink data is to be sent

EMM
deregistered
EMM
registered
Attach
Detach
EPS: Evolved
Packet System
Mobility and Connection States (2/2)
ECM:
UE and MME enter ECM-CONNECTED state when the signaling connection is
established between UE and MME
UE and E-UTRAN enter RRC-CONNECTED state when the signaling
connection is established between UE and the E-UTRAN
ECM idle
ECM
connected
S1 connection establishment
S1 connection release
RRC idle
RRC
connected
RRC connection
establishment
RRC connection
release
UE
E-UTRAN MME
MME
S1 connection RRC connection
LTE Radio Resource Control (RRC) States
RRC Idle state
No signalling connection between
UE and network exists
UE performs cell reselections
Paging needed when the there is
data in downlink direction
RACH procedure used on RRC
connection establishment

UEs RRC connection can be maintained even if UE is inactive
RRC connection may be released due to the following reasons:
RRC Connected State
UE location is known in MME with
an accuracy of a cell ID
A signalling connection exists
between UE and network
The mobility of UE is handled by the
handover procedure
The UE performs the tracking area
update procedure

inactive >x min
2. High mobility: UE makes x handovers within m
minutes
1. UE is inactive for a long time
3. Max number of RRC connected UEs reached.
Then, longest inactive UE is released
LTE Tracking Area
Tracking area 1
Tracking area 2
Tracking area update
MME
Tracking area (TA) is similar to Location/routing area in 2G/3G
Tracking Area Identity = MCC (Mobile Country Code), MNC (Mobile Network
Code) and TAC (Tracking Area Code)
When UE is in Idle, MME knows UE location with Tracking Area accuracy
LTE Mobility Management
LTE Handover Principles
Lossless
Packets are forwarded from the source to the target

Network-controlled
Target cell is selected by the network, not by the UE
Handover control in E-UTRAN (not in packet core)

UE-assisted
Measurements are made and reported by the UE to the network

Late path switch
Only once the handover is successful, the packet core is involved
Handover Procedure
S-GW + P-GW
MME
Source
eNB
Target
eNB
MME MME MME
= Data in radio
= Signalling in radio
= GTP tunnel
= GTP signalling
= S1 signalling
= X2 signalling
Before handover
Handover
preparation
Radio handover
Late path
switching
S-GW + P-
GW
S-GW + P-GW S-GW + P-GW
X2
Handover Preparation
UE Source
Target MME GW
1. Measurement control
2. Measurement report
3. HO
decision
4. HO request
5. Admission
control
6. HO request ack.
1. The source eNB configures the
UE measurement procedures
with MEASUREMENT
CONTROL
2. UE is triggered to send
MEASUREMENT REPORT to
the source eNB. It can be event
triggered or periodic
3. Source eNB makes handover
decision based on UE report +
load and service information
4. The source eNB issues a
HANDOVER REQUEST to the
target eNB
5. Target eNB performs admission
control
6. Target eNB sends the
HANDOVER REQUEST
ACKNOWLEDGE to the source
eNB
Handover Execution
UE
Source Target MME GW
7. HO command
8. Status transfer
Forward
packets to
target
Buffer
packets
from
source
9. Synchronization
10. UL allocation and timing advance
11. Handover confirm
7. Source eNB generates the
HANDOVER COMMAND towards UE
Source eNB starts forwarding packets to
target eNB
8. Source eNB sends status information
to target eNB
9. UE performs the final synchronisation
to target eNB and accesses the cell
via RACH procedure
DL pre-synchronisation is obtained
during cell identification and
measurements
10. Target eNB gives the uplink
allocation and timing advance
information
11. UE sends HANDOVER CONFIRM
to target eNB
Target eNB can begin to send data to UE
Handover Completion
UE Source Target MME GW
12. Path switch request
13. User plane update
request
14.
Switch
downlink
path
15. User plane
update response
16. Path switch request ack.
17. Release resources
18.
Release
resources
12.Target eNB sends a PATH SWITCH
message to MME to inform that the UE
has changed cell
13.MME sends a USER PLANE UPDATE
REQUEST message to Serving Gateway
14.Serving Gateway switches the downlink
data path to the target side
15.Serving Gateway sends a USER PLANE
UPDATE RESPONSE message to MME
16.MME confirms the PATH SWITCH
message with the PATH SWITCH ACK
message
17.By sending RELEASE RESOURCE the
target eNB informs success of handover
to source eNB and triggers the release of
resources
18.Upon reception of the RELEASE
RESOURCE message, the source eNB
can release radio and C-plane related
resources associated to the UE context
Handover Measurement Procedure
1. eNodeB sends Measurement control to UE giving Reporting
thresholds
2. UE identifies others cell ids from Synchronization signal
3. UE measures other cells signal from Reference Signals (RS)
4. When the reporting threshold condition is fulfilled, UE sends Handover
measurements to eNodeB
Neighbour list Generation in LTE
LTE UE can detect neighbours without neighbour lists simpler
network management
UE reports other cell IDs to eNodeB
If the target cell ID is known by eNodeB, it will proceed with the
handover.
If the target is not known by eNodeB and no is X2 enabled,
eNodeB asks UE to decode Global cell id of the target cell
eNodeB finds out the target cells IP address from O&M
eNodeB enables X2 connection to the target cell
eNodeB proceeds with the handover

2G network operators need to define neighbour lists towards LTE
Also 3G network operators need to define the neighbour lists but it is
possible for UE to detect the new cells outside neighbour list which
makes neighbour list creation simpler
Terminology in LTE and in 3G
Connection and Mobility Management
3G LTE
PDP context EPS bearer
Location area Not relevant (no CS core)
Routing area Tracking area
Radio access bearer Radio bearer + S1 bearer
GPRS attached EMM registered
Handovers (DCH) when
RRC connected
Handovers when RRC
connected
RNC hides mobility from
core network
Core network sees every
handover
Connection management
Mobility management
NSN LTE Solution


LTE Release Roadmap

LTE FDD Roadmap Overview (Nov 2008)
High speed Broadband
Self-Organizing Network
Quality of Service
Additional IRAT mobility
Spectral efficiency
maximization
RLT Under Planning
MIMO 2x2
Intra-frequency mobility
Fair scheduler
Flexi System Module: FSME
Bandwidth: 5, 10 MHz
Frequency bands
2600 MHz
700 (U) MHz
Ethernet transport
Synchronization from GPS

RL20 study items
GBR EPS bearer
Multiple EPS bearers
Inter RAT handover to eHRPD
CS fallback
SRVCC
S1 Flex
SON
Automatic Neighbor relation
SON NetAct Optimizer Self
Optimization
Bandwidth: 1.4, 3, 15 MHz
Frequency bands:
1900 MHz
800 MHz
Up to 6 cells per Flexi BTS
IPv4/IPv6 dual stack

Research items
Support of higher order MIMO
4x2
4x4
4 way RX div
UL Multi User MIMO
S1 based Handover
Active Antenna Systems
Femto eNB
WCDMA/LTE Dual band Operation

Commercial trials*
Air Interface Performance
Flat Architecture
RL10 Under Planning
Inter RAT handover to WCDMA
SON
BTS Auto connectivity
BTS Auto configuration
NetAct Optimizer for LTE
Flexi System Module: FSMD
Bandwidth: 20 MHz
77 km cell range
Frequency bands
2100 MHz
1700/2100 MHz
1800 MHz
1500 MHz
900 MHz
700 (L) MHz
Synchronization from Ethernet
2008 2009 2010 2007 2010 2011 2012 2009
RLT RL10 RL30
Limited
commercial
availability
Full
commercial
availability
RL20
* Limited availability
LTE FDD Release Roadmap (Nov 2008)

RL10 (2010) RLT (2009) RL20 (2011) RL30
Under Planning / 3GPP Rel-8

RRM / Telecom
Open loop UL power control and DL
power setting
Closed loop UL power control
CQI adaptation (DL)
Link adaptation by AMC (UL/DL)
Support of 64 QAM in DL
Fair scheduler (UL/DL)
Cell selection and re-selection
Intra frequency handover via X2
Transmit diversity for two antennas
Downlink adaptive open loop MIMO
for two antennas
O&M
SON - Automatic adjacent cell
configuration
LTE BTS Site Manager
Remote Electrical Tilt (RET)
Management
BTS Site Solutions
Flexi System Module: FSME
13 km cell range
5 MHz, 10 MHz
2600, 700 MHz
Transport
Flexi Transport Sub-Modules: FTLA
Ethernet transport option
Synchronization from GPS
Under Planning / 3GPP Rel-8

RRM / Telecom
Rate capping per UE (UL/DL)
Ciphering / Integrity protection
Inter RAT handover to WCDMA
O&M
SON - BTS Auto connectivity
SON - BTS Auto configuration
SON NETact Optimizer for LTE
LTE security
Auto Inventory
BTS Site Solutions
Flexi System Module: FSMD
77 km cell range
20 MHz
2100, 1700/2100 MHz,
1800,1500, 900, 700 MHz
(RL10 ED)
77 km cell range
20 MHz
Transport
Flexi Transport Sub-Modules: FTLB,
FTIB
Ethernet switching
IP-over-MLPPP PDH transport option
Traffic prioritization on IP layer
Traffic prioritization on Ethernet layer
VLAN based traffic differentiation
Traffic Shaping
Synchronization from Ethernet
Study items / 3GPP Rel-8

RRM / Telecom
Support of S1 Flex
Support of multiple EPS bearers
Support of GBR EPS bearer
Inter RAT handover to eHRPD
DRX in RRC connected mode
SRVCC to WCDMA
SRVCC to GSM
SRVCC to 1xRTT
CS fallback to WCDMA and GSM
CS fallback to 1xRTT
Service differentiation for Non-GBR
EPS bearer
O&M
SON - Automatic neighbor relation
(ANR)
SON - Automatic neighbor relation
(ANR) for WCDMA / HRPD
SON NetAct Optimizer Self
Optimization
Online performance monitoring
BTS Site Solutions
1900, 800 MHz
100 km , 29 km cell range
1.4 MHz, 3 MHz, 15 MHz
Up to 6 cells per Flexi Multimode BTS
Transport
Flexi Transport Sub-Modules:
FTHA
IPv4/IPv6 dual stack

Research items / 3GPP Rel-9

RRM / Telecom
Inter frequency handover via X2
S1 based HO
eNACC to GSM
Transmit diversity for four antennas
Downlink adaptive MIMO for four
antennas
Service based handover
O&M
SON - Auto adjustment of receiver path
SON - Automatic neighbor relation (ANR)
for GSM
SON - Auto Inventory for passive
equipment
BTS Site Solutions
Flexi System Module Rel. 3
Flexi RF Module for digital dividend RF
band
WCDMA/LTE RF concurrent mode
WCDMA/LTE System concurrent mode
4 way RX div (MRC)
Transport
Flexi Transport Sub-Modules: FTxA
Transport link redundancy

Note: Availability and order of different RF
Module and Remote RF Head frequency
variants pending on market need and
customer orders
LTE FDD RRM and Telecom Features
RL T RL 10
RL 20
Focal Point
Support of aperiodic CQI reports
Functionality
Aperiodic CQI reports scheduled in
addition to periodic reports
Periodic CQI reports on PUCCH
Aperiodic CQI reports on PUSCH

Description
Controlled by the UL scheduler
Triggered by UL grant indication (PDCCH)
Size and format configured by RRM and
sent via RRC
Benefits
Not so many periodic CQIs on PUCCH
needed
Allow frequent submission of more
detailed reports ( e.g. MIMO, frequency
selective parts)
P
e
rio
d
ic
C
Q
I (P
U
C
C
H
)
A
p
e
rio
d
ic
C
Q
Is
(P
U
S
C
H
)
UL grant + CQI indicator
RL10
Reduced uplink bandwidth
Functionality
Define more PUCCH resources than needed such that outmost PUCCH
resources can be left empty
Description
LTE Rel-8 compliant method to reduce uplink bandwidth (e.g. 9 MHz uplink rather
than 10 MHz uplink) via PUCCH blanking by:
Not allocating outmost resources for PUSCH
Correct the position of PRACH to align it with new PUCCH configuration
Benefits
Operator can deploy LTE infrastructure operating on (squeezed) UL Bandwidth
that is reduced compared the nominal system bandwidth while still using UEs
supporting nominal bandwidth
Cannot be used by any physical channel or signal
RL10
Support for UE radio capabilities
Functionality
eNB obtains the UE radio capabilities via:
The S1AP initial setup request message
The X2AP in case of handover
The RRC in any other cases
eNB sends the UE radio capabilities to:
The MME if it has been retrieved from RRC signalling
The neighbour eNB in case of handover
UE category determines:
MIMO settings
PRB allocation and AMC limitation (e.g. 64QAM in UL)
ROHC (Robust Header Compression) profile
Inter RAT handover support
RL10
Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Class 5
10/5 Mbps 50/25 Mbps 100/50 Mbps 150/50 Mbps 300/75 Mbps Peak rate DL/UL
20 MHz RF bandwidth 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz
64QAM Modulation DL 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM
16QAM Modulation UL 16QAM

64QAM 16QAM

16QAM

Yes

Rx diversity Yes Yes Yes Yes
1-4 Tx BTS Tx diversity
Optional MIMO DL 2x2 4x4 2x2 2x2
1-4 Tx 1-4 Tx 1-4 Tx 1-4 Tx
LTE UE Categories
All categories support 20 MHz
64QAM mandatory in downlink, but not in uplink (except Class 5)
2x2 MIMO mandatory in other classes except Class 1
Published Chip Set Capabilities
http://www.qualcomm.com/press/releases/2008/080207_Qualcomm_to_Ship.html
EMP Cat-3
Sampling 2Q/09

Qualcomm Cat-2
Sampling 2009

NXP Cat-4
Sampling 2Q/09
http://www.ericsson.com/ericsson/press/releases/20080401-1205240.shtml
http://www.nxp.com/news/content/file_1440.html
Infineon Cat-4
Sampling 2010
Presentation at TU Wien, May 8
th
, 2008
VoIP in LTE
Paging in
LTE
2G/3G RAN
MME E-UTRAN
MSC-S MGW
CS call setup
in 2G/3G
CS Fallback handover
Voice is still important in LTE
CS voice call will not be possible in LTE since there is no CS core interface
Voice with LTE terminals has a few different solutions
The first voice solution in LTE can rely on CS fallback handover where LTE
terminal will be moved to 2G/3G to make CS call
The ultimate LTE voice solution will be VoIP + IMS ( not RL10)

LTE RRM
RRM building blocks and functions
Overview
Scope of RRM:
Management and optimized utilization
of the (scarce) radio resources:
Provision for each service/bearer/user
an adequate QoS (if applicable)
Increasing the overall radio network
capacity and optimizing quality
RRM located in eNodeB

Time-scale of RRM building blocks and functions
LTE RRM
Scheduling
Motivation
Bad channel condition avoidance

OFDMA
The part of total available
channel experiencing bad
channel condition (fading) can
be avoided during allocation
procedure.

CDMA
Single Carrier transmission
does not allow to allocate
only particular frequency
parts. Every fading gap
effects the data.
Scheduler (UL/DL)
Cell-based scheduling (separate scheduler per cell)
Scheduling on TTI basis (1ms)
Resource assignment in time and frequency domain (UL/DL)
Proportional fair resource assignment among UEs
Priority for SRB (Signalling Radio Bearers) over DRB ( Data Radio Bearers)
Priority handling (UL/DL) for
Random Access procedure
Signalling
HARQ re-transmission
Uplink:
Channel unaware UL scheduling based on random frequency allocation (
Channel-aware UL scheduling foreseen for RL30 and it will be SW licensed)
Scheduler controls UEs and assigns appropriate grants per TTI
Downlink:
Channel aware DL scheduling ( Frequency Domain Packet Scheduling) based
on CQI with resources assigned in a fair manner

RL T
Downlink Scheduler
Algorithm

Determine which PRBs are available (free) and
can be allocated to UEs
Allocate PRBs needed for common channels
like SIB, paging, and random access
procedure (RAP)
Final allocation of UEs (bearers) onto PRB.
Considering only the PRBs available after the
previous steps
Pre-Scheduling: All UEs with data
available for transmission based on the
buffer fill levels
Time Domain Scheduling: Parameter
MAX-#_UE_DL decides how many UEs are
allocated in the TTI being scheduled
Frequency Domain Scheduling for
Candidate Set 2 UEs: Resource allocation
in Frequency Domain including number
and location of allocated PRBs
Evaluation of available resources (PRBs/RBGs)
for dynamic allocation on PDSCH
Resource allocation and scheduling
for common channels
DL scheduling of UEs:
Scheduling of UEs/bearers to PRBs/RBGs
Start
End
Pre-Scheduling:
Select UEs eligible for scheduling
-> Determination of Candidate Set 1
Time domain scheduling
of UEs according to simple criteria
-> Determination of Candidate Set 2
Start
End
Frequency domain scheduling
of UEs/bearers
-> PRB/RBG allocation to UEs/bearers
RL T
Uplink Scheduler
Channel Unaware
Time domain:
Evaluation of the #PRBs that will be
assigned to UEs
Available number of PRBs per user
Multiple of 2, 3 or 5
Max. # of UEs which can be scheduled
per TTI time frame is restricted by an
O&M parameter. RL T and RL10 limit
the number to a max. of 10 UEs per
TTI

Frequency Domain:
Uses a random function to assure
equal distribution of PRBs over the
available frequency range ( random
frequency hopping)
Example of allocation in frequency domain:
Full Allocation: All available PRBs are
assigned to the UEs scheduled per TTI

Fractional: Not all PRBs are assigned,
still the hopping function handles the
unassigned PRB as if they were
allocated to keep the equal distribution
per TTI
a) b)
RL T
Outer Link Quality Control (OLQC)
Feature: CQI Adaptation ( DL)
Only used in DL
Used for CQI measurement error compensation
CQI estimation error of the UE
CQI quantization error or
CQI reporting error
It adds a CQI offset to the CQI reports provided by UE. The corrected CQI report
is provided to the DL Link adaptation for further processing
CQI offset derived from ACK/NACK feedback
RL T
Link adaptation by AMC (UL/DL)
Motivation of link adaptation: Modify the signal transmitted to and by a
particular user according to the signal quality variation to improve the
system capacity and coverage reliability.
If SINR is good then higher MCS can be used -> more bits per byte ->
more throughput.
If SINR is bad then lower MCS should be use ( more robust)
Flexi Multimode BTS performs the link adaptation for DL and UL on a TTI
basis
The selection of the modulation and the channel coding rate is based:
Downlink data channel: CQI report from UE
Downlink common channel (PDCCH): signaling payload, CQI report
Uplink: BLER measurements in Flexi LTE BTS

RL T
Link Adaptation / AMC for PDSCH
Procedure:
Initial MCS is provided by O&M
(parameter INI_MCS_DL) and is
set as default MCS
If DL AMC is not activated (O&M
parameter ENABLE_AMC_DL) the
algorithm always uses this default
MCS
If DL AMC is activated HARQ
retransmissions are handled
differently from initial transmissions
( For HARQ retransmission the
same MCS has to be used as for
the initial transmission)
A MCS based on CQI reporting
from UE , shall be determined for
the PRBs assigned to UE as
indicated by the downlink
scheduler
START
Retrieve Default MCS
Dynamic AMC
active?
HARQ
retransmission?
Determine avaraged CQI
value for allocated PRBs
Use the same MCS as for
initial transmission
Determine MCS
Use Default MCS
END
yes
no
RL T
Link Adaptation / AMC for PDCCH

RL T
Based on overall signaling payload (control data volume) for all users
Independent from radio conditions
Cell-based mechanism whereas AMC for PDSCH has an UE scope
Scope of a single TTI ( AMC for PDSCH can be based on several TTIs based on
configurable CQI measurement intervals)

RL10
Code rate is selected for PDCCH resources ( QPSK only) based on CQI reports
Efficient usage of PDCCH resources based on channel condition
It takes the available PDCCH resources into account
Enabled/disabled by O&M parameter

Common to both releases
QPSK modulation mandatory

RL T +
RL10
Link Adaptation / AMC for PUSCH
Functionality
Slow Link adaptation ( 10-100ms) based on BLER measurements from eNodeB
UE scope
Independent from UL scheduler and UL power control
Robust and stable AMC solution
Interactions to UL PC and Scheduler are result driven, i.e. to keep signaling
load low on eNodeB internal interfaces MCS is reported at the start of data
transfer and only when there are changes of MCS

In case of long Link Adaptation updates and to avoid low and high BLER
situations, the link adaptation can act based on adjustable target BLER :
Emergency Downgrade if BLER goes above a MAX BLER threshold (poor
radio conditions)
Fast Upgrade if BLER goes below of a MIN BLER threshold (excellent radio
conditions)
RL T
Power Control
Objective
Improve cell edge behaviour, reduce inter-cell interference and power consumption
DL semi-static power setting
eNodeB gives fixed power density per PRB scheduled for transport.
Total Tx power is max. when all PRBs are scheduled
No adaptive/dynamic power control
(O&M parameter) Cell Power Reduction level CELL_PWR_RED [0...10] dB
attenuation in 0.1 dB steps

UL: Slow uplink Power Control
Combination of open loop PC and closed loop PC
Open loop PC
Calculated at the UE based on pathloss measurements
Closed loop PC
Based on exchange of feedback data and commands between UE and eNodeB
SW-licensed enhancement ( can be switched on and off)
RL T
Power control ( cont.)
Procedure for Slow UL Power control
UE controls the Tx power to keep the transmitted power spectral density (PSD)
constant independent of the allocated transmit bandwidth (#PRBs)

If no feedback from eNodeB ( in the PDCCH UL PC command) the UE performs
open loop PC based on path loss measurements

If feedback from eNodeB the UE corrects the PSD when receiving PC commands
from eNodeB ( in the PDCCH UL PC command)
PC commands ( up and down) based on UL quality and signal level measurements

Applied separately for PUSCH, PUCCH
Scope of UL PC is UE level ( performed separately for each UL in a cell)
RL T
1) Initial TX power level
2) SINR measurment
3) Setting new power offset
4) TX power level
adjustment with the new
offset
Radio Admission Control ( RAC)
Objective: To admit or to reject the requests for establishment of Radio Bearers
(RB) on a cell basis

Based on number of RRC connections and number of active users per cell
Non QoS aware
Operator configures both max. number of established RRC connections and max.
number of active users per cell by O&M threshold
RRC connection is established when the SRBs have been admitted and
successfully configured
UE is considered as active when Radio bearer is established
Upper bound for maximum number of supported connections depends on the
BB configuration of eNB
RL T: All RRC connection setup request are admitted by default to avoid RAC
complexity
Improvement in RL10: Possibility of giving priority to the HO cases based on the
HO cause

RL T
Single Tx path mode
Benefit for customer: Minimum RF/HW investment for LTE coverage
rollout, or mode selection for comparing performance against Tx
diversity of MIMO mode
Tx signal transmitted through a single Tx antenna per cell
No spatial diversity in eNB
Usage scenarios:
HW configuration with only one Tx path per cell
HW configuration with two Tx paths per cell but with the second
path disabled ( intended for trialling purposes so 1Tx can be
compared with MIMO SM and/or Tx diversity)
2Rx paths per cell are always supported by the Flexi Multimode BTS

RL T
Transmit diversity for two antennas
Benefit: Diversity gain: enhanced cell coverage/capacity
Single Data Stream transmitted through 2 TX diversity paths per sector
Supported physical channels: PDSCH, PBCH, PDCCH, PCFICH,
PHICH
Synchronization signals are transmitted only via the 1
st
antenna
eNode B sends different cell-specific reference signals per antenna
It can be enabled on cell basis by O&M configuration
SFBC (Space Frequency Block Code Mode) used
Each symbol is transmitted 2 times ( 1 from
each antenna)

RL T
Encoding Modulation
STC
Subcarrier
mapping
IFFT
1
st
Tx

Subcarrier
mapping
IFFT
2
nd
Tx
S1,S2
Spatial multiplexing for two antennas
Benefit: Double the peak rate compared to a 1Tx antenna
2 TX antennas
Spatial multiplexing with
two code words
Supported physical
channel: PDSCH
Two code words
(S1+S2) are
transmitted in
parallel to one UE
which doubles
the peak rate.
Encoding Modulation
SM
Subcarrier
mapping
IFFT
1
st
Tx

Subcarrier
mapping
IFFT
2
nd
Tx
S1,S2
S1
S2
DL adaptive open loop MIMO for two antennas
Benefit: High peak rates ( two code words) and good cell
edge performance ( single code word)
2 TX antennas
Dynamic selection between
Transmit diversity (SFBC)
Open loop spatial multiplexing with
two code words
Open loop= no feedback from UE
Supported physical channel: PDSCH
Dynamic switch considers the UE specific
link quality
Enabled/disabled on cell level (O&M)
If disabled case either static spatial
multiplexing or static transmit
diversity can be selected for the
whole cell (all UEs)
Two code words (A+B) are
transmitted in parallel to one UE
which doubles the peak rate
One code word A is
transmitted via two
antennas to one UE
which improves the LiBu
A
B
A
RL T +
RL10
DL adaptive closed loop MIMO for two antennas
2 TX antennas
Dynamic selection between:
Transmit diversity ( SFBC)
Closed loop spatial multiplexing with
two code words
Closed loop= feedback from UE
Operator configurable threshold
Supported physical channel: PDSCH
Semi static configuration per cell in RL T
Either closed loop MIMO or open loop
MIMO is implemented in RL10
Two code words
(A+B) are transmitted
in parallel to one UE
which doubles the
peak rate.
One code word A is
transmitted via two
antennas to one UE
which improves the
link budget
A
B
A
Benefit: High peak rates and good cell edge performance
RL T +
RL10
MIMO, DL channels and RRM Functionality
Available MIMO options vs. channel
type
Options for 2Tx antennas ( Transmit
Diversity):
Control Channels
PDSCH
Options for Dual Stream open/closed
loop SM
Only DL PDSCH
MIMO is SW feature

RRM MIMO Mode Control
Functionality
Refers to switch between:
MIMO Diversity ( single stream)
MIMO Spatial Multiplexing ( double stream)
SISO ( 1x1 SISO, 1x2 SIMO)
provided by eNB only for DL
direction (UL not affected)
Channel can be configured to use MIMO mode
Channel cannot be configured to use MIMO mode
In UL direction Flexi eNode B has 2Rx
Diversity :
Maximum Ratio Combining
Benefit: increase coverage by Increasing
the received signal strength and quality
Connection Mobility Control: Handover Types
Intra-RAT handover
Intra eNodeB
Inter eNodeB
Data forwarding over X2
High performance for 15120 km/h
Optimized performance for 015
km/h
HO in case of no X2 interface
configured between serving eNB and
target eNB: HO via S1 interface
RL20
Inter-RAT handover
PS domain only
RL10: LTE
WCDMA/CDMA2000
RL20: 3G LTE; LTE
GSM; GSM LTE

Intra frequency handover via X2
Basic Mobility Feature
Event triggered handover based
on DL measurements (ref.
signals)
Network evaluated HO decision
Operator configurable
thresholds for
coverage based and
best cell based handover
Data forwarding via X2
AC gives priority to HO related
access over other scenarios
S1
S1
X2
MME
S-GW
P-GW
RLT
Inter RAT PS handover to WCDMA
Only for multimode devices supporting
LTE and WCDMA
Event triggered handover based on DL
measurement RSRP (reference signal
received power)
Operator configurable RSRP threshold
Inter-RAT HO measurements only
activated if there is not intra-frequency
neighbour cell
Network evaluated HO decision
eNB broadcasts IRAT cell selection
information
If unknown target WCDMA cell, best and
known target WCDMA cell may be
selected when above the threshold
eNB initiates handover via EPC

MME
S-GW
P-GW
SGSN
RNC
S1 Iub
RL10
LTE
WCDMA
Inter RAT handover to HRPD/CDMA2000

Benefit: Enables service
continuity to HRPD
Event triggered handover based
on DL measurement RSRP
(reference signal received
power)
Handover measurement related
and decision related parameters
are operator configurable by
O&M
HO decision based on signal
level threshold as related to best
HRPD cell
PDSN
Core network
S1
MME
S-GW
P-GW
LTE
1700/2100 MHz
HRPD 850 MHz
BTS
HRPD: High rate packet data
PDSN: Packet Data Serving Node

RL10
LTE Performance

Downlink Spectral Efficiency
Downlink
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
UTRA baseline E-UTRA 2x2
b
p
s
/
H
z
/
c
e
l
l
Alcatel-Lucent
Ericsson
Huawei
InterDigital
Motorola
NEC
Nortel
Nokia-Siemens
Qualcomm
Samsung
Texax Instruments
Average
HSPA
0.53 bps
LTE 1.69
bps
Downlink spectral efficiency shown to be 3 x HSPA R6 (=UTRA baseline),
which was the target of LTE
Uplink Spectral Efficiency
Uplink spectral efficiency shown to be >2 x HSPA R6, which was the
target of LTE
Uplink
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
UTRA baseline E-UTRA 1x2
b
p
s
/
H
z
/
c
e
l
l
Alcatel-Lucent
Ericsson
Huawei
InterDigital
Motorola
NEC
Nortel
Nokia-Siemens
Qualcomm
Samsung
Texax Instruments
Average
HSPA
0.33 bps
LTE 0.74
bps
Key Features for LTE Downlink Spectral Efficiency
Compared to HSPA R6
Inter-cell interference rejection combining
or cancellation
MIMO = combined use of 2 tx and 2 rx
antennas

Frequency domain packet scheduling
+10%
+20%
+40%
Total gain up to 3.1x
OFDM with frequency domain
equalization
+20..70%
Compared to single antenna
BTS tx and 2-rx terminal
Not feasible in HSPA due to
cdma modulation
Possible also in HSPA but
better performance in OFDM
solution
Due to orthogonality
Up to 1000 subscribers per LTE node B can be supported (1+1+1 @ 20 MHz)
Spectral Efficiency Relative to 10 MHz
0 %
20 %
40 %
60 %
80 %
100 %
120 %
1.4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 20 MHz
Downlink
Uplink
LTE Efficiency vs. Bandwidth
-40% -13% Reference
LTE maintains high efficiency with bandwidth down to 5 MHz
The differences between bandwidths come from frequency scheduling
gain and different overheads
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
HSPA (10-ms) i-HSPA (2-ms) LTE
ms
Latency Evolution
LTE specs enable
10 ms round trip
time
Approx 15 ms gain
expected from shorter
2-ms TTI
Internet-HSPA provides further improvement in latency
WiMAX latency expected 30 ms
Reference: DSL can provide <10 ms round trip time
Suburban indoor
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00
LTE900
LTE2100
LTE2500 FDD
WiMAX 2500 TDD
WiMAX 3400 TDD
km
Uplink
Downlink
Cell Range
Assumptions:
Suburban area
50 m BTS antenna
15 dB indoor loss
95% location probability
Correction factor -5 dB
1.5 m terminal antenna height
Cell range gets shorter at higher frequency and with TDD
Cell range for LTE varies in DL from 3.6 km ( LTE900 FDD) to 1.6 km ( LTE 2500
FDD)

Downlink: 1 Mbps
Uplink: 64 kbps
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
GSM
EFR
GSM
AMR
GSM
DFCA
WCDMA
CS voice
HSPA R7
VoIP
LTE VoIP
U
s
e
r

p
e
r

M
H
z
Voice Spectral Efficiency Evolution from GSM to
LTE
15 x more users per MHz with 3GPP LTE than with GSM EFR!
VoIP is the way to go for future voice in mobile systems
CS voice (AMR) VoIP (AMR12.2)
Note also
CS voice
over HSPA
Peak Data Rates in Theory
HSPA FDD
4
WiMAX
TDD
1
LTE FDD

8.6 Mbps

4.1 Mbps

7 Mbps

-

8.3 Mbps

29 Mbps

-

(16.6 Mbps)

58 Mbps

1
Downlink:uplink ratio 29:18
2
Downlink with 64QAM and 5/6 coding
3
Uplink with 16QAM and coding
4
HSPA 3GPP R7 assumed
Uplink
3
HSPA FDD
4
WiMAX
TDD
1
LTE FDD

2x3.5 (1x7) MHz -

28 Mbps

-

2x5 (1x10) MHz
-

40 Mbps

43 Mbps

2x10 (1x20) MHz
-

(80 Mbps)

86 Mbps

Downlink 2x2MIMO
2
= typical bandwidth
2x2.5 (1x5) MHz
35 Mbps

20 Mbps

21 Mbps

-

5.5 Mbps

-

2x20 MHz
-

-

173 Mbps

2x3.5 (1x7) MHz
2x5 (1x10) MHz
2x10 (1x20) MHz
2x2.5 (1x5) MHz
2x20 MHz
-

14 Mbps

-

HSPA and WiMAX peak rates are similar
LTE has highest peak data rates due to
2x20 MHz spectrum
LTE Peak Data Rates
Downlink: Peak Rate 172 Mbps with 2x2 MIMO and 20 MHz
Modulation coding 1.4 MHz 3.0 MHz 5.0 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz
QPSK 1/2 Single stream 0.7 2.1 3.5 7.0 10.6 14.1
16QAM 1/2 Single stream 1.4 4.1 7.0 14.1 21.2 28.3
64QAM 3/4 2x2 MIMO 6.6 18.9 31.9 64.3 96.7 129.1
64QAM 1/1 2x2 MIMO 8.8 25.3 42.5 85.7 128.9 172.1
64QAM 1/1 4x4 MIMO 16.6 47.7 80.3 161.9 243.5 325.1
Modulation coding 1.4 MHz 3.0 MHz 5.0 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz
QPSK 1/2 Single stream 0.7 2.0 3.5 7.1 10.8 14.3
64QAM 1/1 V-MIMO (cell) 8.6 24.2 41.5 84.7 129.6 171.1
20 MHz
Uplink: Peak Rate 57 Mbps with 20 MHz and 16QAM
NSN RL10 DL and UL net data rates
Marketing figure of 86.4 Mbps theoretical for 10MHz BW and 172.8Mbps for
20MHz BW net PHY peak (assuming single OFDM symbol for PDCCH, reference
symbols for 2 transmit antennas and code rate 1) cannot be demonstrated as
code rate 1 is not defined in 3GPP
DL conditions:
2x2 MIMO with single OFDM symbol for PDCCH and code rate 0.9
Marketing figure of 28.4 Mbps theoretical for 10MHz BW and 56.8Mbps for
20MHz BW net PHY peak (assuming single PUCCH pair, no sounding, PRACH
every 20 ms and code rate 1) cannot be demonstrated as code rate 1 is not
defined in 3GPP
UL conditions:
single PUCCH pair, no sounding, PRACH every 20 ms and code rate 0.83

DL UL
76.2 Mbps LTE 10 MHz

23.4 Mbps
153 Mbps LTE 20 MHz

47.4 Mbps
RL 10
Cell Edge Data Rate Simulations
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Distance from BTS [relative to cell radius, 1=cell edge]
M
b
p
s
LTE 20 MHz
LTE 10 MHz
LTE 5 MHz
HSDPA 5 MHz
Cell edge G-factor = -4 dB
2x2 MIMO
Median (50%) data rate over the
cell area (70% distance)
HSDPA 3.4 Mbps
LTE 10 MHz 8 Mbps
LTE 20 MHZ 16 Mbps
1.3/0.4
1.4 20
MHz
see HSPA
R6 & R8
5 MHz Bandwidth 5 MHz
Performance Evolution
PS only, VoIP
Broadband
PS and CS
over HSPA
Broadband
PS
Services
1.7/0.7
173/58
Mbps
10-20 ms
LTE
2
0.5
3
/0.3
Spectral efficiency
Mbps/MHz/cell DL/UL
see HSPA
R6 & R7/R8
14/5.7
Mbps
Peak data rate DL/UL
25 ms 40-60 ms
I-HSPA HSPA R6
CS and high
speed PS
0.2/0.2
384/384
kbps
100-200
ms
WCDMA
5 MHz
Broadband PS
and CS over
HSPA
43
4
/11.5
Mbps
HSPA
R7/R8
5-10 MHz
unpaired (TDD)
PS only,
VoIP
1.4/0.6
40/10 Mbps
30-50 ms
WIMAX
1

Flat
Flat
RNC
based
Architecture
RNC
based
RNC based Flat
63/48
(DL/UL)
Flat for S
27
3
/17
(DL/UL)
Voice efficiency
User/MHz/Cell
18
36/25
(DL/UL)
see HSPA
R6 & R7/R8
see HSPA
R6 & R7/R8
20
1
DL/UL ratio=29:18, with 2x2 MIMO @ 10 MHz TDD
2
with 2x2 MIMO @ 20 MHz

Latency
25-35 ms
3
With Rake receiver terminals
4
28Mbps with Rel7, 43Mbps with Rel8

NSN Flexi Multimode
Flexi BTS Evolution to LTE
Flexi LTE/WCDMA BTS
Flexi BTS Multimode System Module
HW supports both WCDMA and LTE
Multiband operation
Radio Modules for different frequencies can be connected to the
same system module
Multimode functionality support
WCDMA mode
LTE mode
Under study: WCDMA-LTE concurrent mode
Flexi BTS Three Sector RF Module
HW supports both WCDMA and LTE
Single frequency band, multi-carrier operation
Multimode functionality support
WCDMA mode
LTE mode
WCDMA-LTE concurrent mode

3-sector RF
Multimode
System Module
3-sector RF Module 900 MHz
3-sector RF Module 1800 MHz
System Module
3-sector RF Module 2.6 GHz

Flexi LTE Multiband
Example of site evolution case

System Module
3-sector RF Module for Band A (e.g. 2.6 GHz)
3-sector RF Module for Band B (e.g. 1800 MHz)
3-sector RF Module for Band C (e.g. 900 MHz)

S1 to AGW
X2 to eNB
Refarming
2G or 3G
by Flexi LTE
Flexi Multimode 3-Sector RF Module
Flexi Three Sector RF Module with 3 x 70 W power amplifiers
is 3 x 60 W at the antenna connector

1+1+1 LTE with one RF Module
Up to 2+2+2 WCDMA with only one RF Module
Support for Distributed site up to 20 km from System Module
Ant6 Ant5 Ant4 Ant3 Ant2 Ant1
TX/RX Antenna
connector
RX Antenna
connector
Optical
connections to
System Module
DC Power supply input
System Module
Standard Flexi RF Module can be installed
close to antenna for maximal performance

No feeder looses
Best RF performance because no DL and
UL feeder looses
Easier installation
Only 1 optical or DC cable to tower
No long antenna feeders
Typically 6 for 3-sector site
No MHA/TMAs
Lowest total power consumption

3-sector
3 x 60 W
RF Module IP65
with DC max 200
meters; Optical 20Km
Flexi LTE BTS Feederless
Optional
TMA/MHA
System Module
1
st
3-sector RF Module
MIMO is an optional feature
System Module
add 2
nd
3-sector RF Module for MIMO
1+1+1 @ 360 W with 2TX MIMO
Optional TMA/MHAs

Tx1/Rx1
Tx2/Rx2
Flexi Multimode BTS
2Tx MIMO support

2
nd
3-sector RF Module
Optional easy
capacity upgrade
when and where
needed with
MIMO
Div Rx2
Rx3
Rx4
System Module
System Module
one 3-sector RF Module per sector
60 + 60 W with 2TX MIMO
Optional 4 way UL diversity
one Sector (up to six):
2TX MIMO 60 + 60 W
with one 3-sector RF
Module
Best Coverage
and highest
capacity MIMO
remote RF
solution
Flexi Feederless BTS 2TX MIMO with 4RX

Sector with
extended
coverage (~3 dB)
Tx/Rx2
Tx/Rx1
Rx3
Rx4
4
-
p
o
r
t

A
n
t
e
n
n
a

S
e
c
t
o
r

1

LTE Radio Planning
Radio Planning Process Overview
Computation of number of sites required to
serve certain area while fulfilling the
coverage and capacity requirements ( Dim
Tool)
Nominal Coverage Planning ( Planning Tool
i.e. Atoll, NetAct Planner)

Detailed Coverage and Capacity Analysis

Getting Sites
Dimensioning
Nominal Planning
Detailed Planning
Pre-launch
Optimisation
Radio Planning Process Overview
Similar process to any other wireless network
Differences:
Parameters
KPIs

Optimisation
Pre-launch
optimisation
Pre-planning Detailed planning
Pre-planning
information
Dimensioning
Model tuning
Site selection
Configuration
planning
Parameter
planning
Coverage and
capacity planning
Pre-launch
optimisation
Post-launch
optimsation
Dimensioning
Following planning parameters are already decided in the
dimensioning phase:
Basic spectrum usage
Operating bandwidth
Coding schemes and modulations
BLER
eNodeB basic configurations
RF unit type ( feederless, 3-sector RF module)
1+1+1/omni
Antenna types
Capacity license size ( e.g. MIMO or no MIMO)
RF features
Scheduler type, extended cell range (if applicable to the release)
Nominal planning
Target: Create a nominal plan
Typical actions:
Propagation model tuning
Nominal coverage planning with
planning tool
Based on coverage thresholds:
RSRP and CINR
Capacity analysis
Site surveys
Site pre-validation
(*) Still open what will be the LiBu
thresholds used. Atoll uses wideband
received power but it is possible to
convert it to RSRP.
Link budget and capacity
dimensioning
Define thresholds from LiBu (*)
Create detailed network plan (cells, antennas,
carriers) using LiBu thresholds
Perform capacity analysis to check network capacity
against more detailed traffic estimates
Detailed planning
Typical actions:
Detailed coverage based planning with planning tool
Capacity analysis with planning tool
Site validation
eNodeB Parameter planning
Site data build (with default parameters)

Pre-launch optimization
Target: To pass the cluster acceptance
Can be done as part of the cluster acceptance

Typical actions:
Drive test measurements and analysis
eNodeB data base parameter assessment/cross checking
Antenna tilt and azimuth tuning based on drive test analysis

LTE Dimensioning
Air Interface Dimensioning
Link Budget/ Dimensioning Tool
LTE Dim Tool
Targets
to cover dimensioning of the air interface considering following main aspects:
number of subscribers
service types
traffic generated by users
environment and clutter type (e.g. macro urban)
area/clutter size

to provide with respect to users assumptions the following OUTPUTS:
site count and site densities per area type
cell ranges and cell areas
sector and site throughputs
phase planning
calculations for multiple areas/clutters
input for access planning

to allow to obtain balance between coverage and capacity requirements

Tool structure ( v2.2.x)
The Dimensioning Tool (methods and parameters) follows the RL10
Release. The tool consist of eight excel sheets
Instructions
General tool info
Users guide
Link Budget
Calculates the cell area based on the Path Loss for the different clutter types
The inputs of this section are used also for capacity dimensioning
Link Level (LL) results from 4GMax simulator
Cell Capacity
Capacity is based on System Level results from MoRSE simulator
Network Dim
Site count with respect to coverage, capacity and traffic dimensioning
Graphs
Plots of interference margins for DL and UL as functions of neighbour cell load.
Parameters
System specific parameters (not to be modified by user)
Propagation model and eNodeB parameters (user modifiable)
Defaults
Worksheet containing all the default values defined for the Link Budget
Doc History
Information about released versions

LTE Dim Tool Overview
Link Budget
Capacity
dimensioning
Input parameters
Outputs
User Interface
Network
dimensioning
Traffic
dimensioning
- Calculation
- Inputs/Outputs
Operating band
Transmitter/receiver
parameters
Propagation data
LL results
SINR distribution
Antenna Conf.
Areas
No. of Subscribers
Phases
Subscribers densities
Maximum Pathloss
Cell ranges
Cell area, site-to-site
---distance
UL/DL Max sector
throughputs
System OH
Number of RB in
Frequency Domain

BLER
Antenna
Configuration
Channel Model
LTE DimTool Practicalities
'Analysis ToolPak' in the MS Excel (menu Tools/Add-ins)
must be enabled
Otherwise, the set default parameter functionality doesnt work as
default parameters are not loaded correctly

It is possible to run 4 parallel scenarios
Useful in case operator ask for different LiBu to be compared

It is possible to clone the input parameters for one scenario
Useful in case each scenario needs to represent a different clutter type
( i.e. if operator provides different building penetration losses/ standard
deviations per clutter type)

Link Budget Module
Overview
Outputs:
Maximum Allowable Path Loss
Cell ranges based on propagation models formulas
Site-to-Site distance and site areas for different site layouts which finally
allows for estimation of number of sites and site density required to cover a
given area.
Link Budget is compliant with 3GPP Rel 8 ( TS36.211, 36.212, 36.215 v8.3.0)
Link Budget is calculated based on service throughput defined by the user
( system overheads calculated automatically)
Cell range also considers a given service or cell edge criteria
COST231 Hata one and two slope models are used
Link Level ( LL) simulation results are coming from 4GMax simulator
Define a SINR for each MCS
System Level ( SL) simulation results coming from MoRSE simulator
SINR distribution for each clutter type
Link Budget Module
General Parameters
Operating Band:
3GPP TS 36.104 specifies 15
operating bands for FDD
Dimensioning tool generalises these
to 750, 900, 1700, 1900, 2100 and
2600 MHz
Defined by customer
Channel Bandwidth:
3GPP TS 36.104 specifies values of
1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz
Defined by customer
Modulation and Coding Scheme:
3GPP TS 36.211 specifies QPSK,
16QAM and 64QAM for the Physical
Downlink/Uplink Shared Channel
Affects the amount of resources that
will be used for user data
Recommendation: Select MCS that
maximizes the MAPL while still
fulfilling the cell edge throughput
requirement ( i.e. it doesnt give any
error in # of RB per User field ).MCS
is independent for UL and DL
Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS)
3GPP TS 36.213 specifies tables to:
link the MCS Index to a Modulation Order (modulation type) and TBS Index
link the TBS Index to a Transport Block Size (TBS) for a specific number of Physical Resource
Blocks (PRB)
Extracted from 3GPP TS 36.213
Modulation Order
2 QPSK
4 16QAM
6 64QAM

High MCS
corresponds to
high throughput
Only a subset of the complete table
(3GPP TS 36.213 specifies 110 columns)
Link Budget Module
Propagation Model
Modified Cost231-Hata

<
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
> |
.
|
\
|
=
km 1 d ,
log50
1

m
h
log 82 . 13
MHz
f
log 9 . 13 88 . 47
km 1 d ,
m
h
log 55 . 6 9 . 44
s
BS
BS
clutter
MS BS
L
km
d
s
m
h
a
m
h
MHz
f
B A L + |
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+ = log log . log 82 13
Frequency A B
150-1500 MHz 69.55 26.16
1500-2000MHz 46.3 33.9
( ) | | ( ) ( )
( ) | | ( ) ( )
+
+
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=
ROAD
RURAL
94 . 35 f log 33 . 18 f lg 78 . 4
94 . 40 f log 33 . 18 f lg 78 . 4
SU 4 . 5
28
f
lg 2
U 0
DU 3
L
2
2
2
clutter

=
SU ] 8 . 0 ) f lg( 56 . 1 [ h ] 7 . 0 ) f lg( 1 . 1 [
U DU, 4.97 )] 75h 3.2[lg(11.
) h ( a
MS
2
MS
MS
Clutter correction Factors
UE Height Correction Factors
Slopes
One slope for d>= 1km and two slopes for
d<1km
Two slope is an extension of one slope
model for d<1km
If cell range >1km results are the same for one
slope and two slope models ( same formula
used)
If cell range <1 km then two slope model
provides better results
Recommended value: 2 slopes for
all clutter types
Link Budget Module
Transmitting End
Tx Power per Antenna [dBm]
DL: eNodeB
8, 20, 40 and 60 Watts
Consult with the team responsible for
the RFx about the option followed by
NSN (8, 40 and 60W are software
licensed)
Default: 20 Watt ( 43dBm)
UL: UE
Typical value: 23dBm +/- 2dB
Same UE classes as in WCDMA
Antenna Gain [dBi]
DL: eNodeB
Check with team responsible for the
RFx the antenna to be used for
detailed information
18 dBi directional antenna,
8 dBi for omni-directional antenna

Antenna Gain [dBi] (cont.)
UL: UE
- 0 dBi for UE antenna

Feeder Loss [dB]
2dB if feeders used
0.5 dB with feederless solution
Link Budget Module
Transmitting End
Body Loss [dB] ( only UL)
UE: 0 dB (data user) and 2-3dB
(VoIP users)
Otherwise (card) : 0dB

TMA Insertion Loss [dB]
0.5 dB assumed . Can be edited
from parameters worksheet
TMA (Tower Mounted Amplifier) :
Mast Head Amplifier
No TMA used with feederless
solution

Total Tx Power Increase [dB]
Tool automatically increases the eNodeB
Tx Power by 3dB in case MIMO ( 2Tx
antenna) is used
Reason: SINR requirement is based
upon the total downlink power
User EIRP [dBm]
EIRP: Tx Power per Antenna + Antenna Gain Feeder Loss TMA Insertion
Loss (if TMA is present) + Total Tx Power Increase
Link Budget Module
Receiving End
TMA (MHA): Compensates for the
feeder looses in UL between a
receive antenna and eNodeB
If enabled the eNodeB Noise figure
changes and TMA insertion Loss in
DL is considered
Values are modifiable in the
parameters sheet of the tool

Feeder Loss( dB): 0 dB if TMA Enabled
otherwise same value as per DL
eNodeB Noise Figure & Insertion Loss
Center
Carrier
Frequency
NodeB
Noise Figure
with TMA
NodeB
Noise Figure
w/o TMA
TMA
Insertion
Loss
750 2.00 2.20 0.50
900 2.00 2.20 0.50
1700 2.00 2.20 0.50
1900 2.00 2.20 0.50
2100 2.00 3.00 0.50
2600 2.00 2.20 0.50
Link Budget Module
Receiving End
Noise Figure [dB]
DL: UE 7dB
UL: eNodeB
Automatically updated by the tool
(no user input). However, default
values can be changed in the
corresponding table inside the
parameter sheet
No TMA 2.20 dB
TMA 2 dB

Gain against shadowing [dB]
Based on multi-cell coverage
reliability (shadowing correlation
between cells). Due to complexity of
calculations a look-up table is set in
Parameters sheet that allows for a
quick and easy multi-cell LNF
estimation. Automatically calculated
by the tool

Additional Gains [dB]
In case of additional losses the
number entered must be negative

Link Budget Module
System Overhead Downlink
Overheads are automatically calculated by the tool and affect the cell/site capacity
They indicate how many resources are left for user data
Cyclic Prefix
Normal: There are 7 12 = 84 Resource Elements per Resource Block
Extended cyclic ( for large cells): There are 6 12 = 72 RE per Resource Block
Reference Signal
- If 1 Tx antenna: 4 Reference Signals per RB
- If 2 Tx antenna, there are 8 Reference Signals per Resource Block
- If 4 Tx antenna, there are 12 Reference Signals per Resource Block
Example in screen shot below: Normal CP and 1 Tx antenna, overhead = 4 / 84 = 4.76 %
Synchronisation Signal
- Occupies 288 Resource Elements per 20 timeslots per transmit antenna
- Example in screen shot below: Normal CP and 1Tx antenna, overhead = 288 / (84 20
50) = 0.34 %

Link Budget Module
PBCH
- Occupies (288 x) Resource Elements per 20
timeslots per transmit antenna
- The value of x depends upon the number of Resource
Elements already occupied by the Reference Signal
x = 12 for 1 transmit antenna
- Example in screen shot below illustrates the case for
normal cyclic prefix and 1 transmit antenna, overhead =
(288 12) / (84 20 50) = 0.33 %
1 Transmit Antenna
2 Transmit Antenna
4 Transmit Antenna
Circled Resource Elements are
included as part of the PBCH overhead
Remaining DTX Resource Elements
are included as part of the Reference
Signal Overhead
Link Budget Module
PDCCH, PCFICH and PHICH
- The combination of PDCCH, PCFICH and
PHICH is able to occupy the first 1, 2 or 3
time domain symbols per TTI
- The number of RE occupied per 1 ms TTI
is given by (12 y x), where:
y depends upon the number of occupied
time domain symbols per TTI (1, 2 or 3)
x depends upon the number of RE already
occupied by the Reference Signal
x = 4 for 4 transmit antenna when y = 1
x = 8 for 4 Tx when y = 2 or 3
Example in screen shot illustrates the case
for normal CP, 1 Tx and the first 3 time
domain symbols occupied:
overhead = (12 3 - 2) / (12 7 2) =
20.24 %

Additional Overhead: Assumed to be 0 %
Total System Overhead: Sum of all overheads
BLER at first HARQ transmission:
Assumed to be 10% for the first HARQ
transmission, i.e. 10 % probability of having to
complete 1 or more re-transmissions

Note: PCFICH on its own occupies 16 RE per 1 ms
TTI. Example in screen shot illustrates the case for
normal cyclic prefix and 50 Resource Blocks in the
Frequency Domain, Overhead = 16 / (50 84
2symbols) = 0.19 %)
Link Budget Module
System Overheads Uplink (1/2)
Reference Signal
The Demodulation Reference Signal is sent within the 4
th
time domain RE of each RB
occupied by the PUSCH in case of normal CP
Occupies all RBs not used by the PUCCH. For a 1.4 MHz Channel Bandwidth, the PUCCH
occupies 1 RB per Slot. The number of RE per RB is 84 when using the normal CP. This
means the overhead generated by the Ref. Signal is (5 12)/(6 84) = 11.9 %
For the normal cyclic prefix:

Channel BW PUCCH RB/slot Overhead
1.4 MHz 1 ((6-1) 12) / (6 84) = 11.9 %
3 MHz 2 ((15-2) 12) / (15 84) = 12.4 %
5 MHz 3 ((25-3) 12) / (25 84) = 12.6 %
10 MHz 3 ((50-3) 12) / (50 84) = 13.4 %
15 MHz 3 ((75-3) 12) / (75 84) = 13.7 %
20 MHz 3 ((100-3) 12) / (100 84) = 13.9 %

Link Budget Module
System Overhead Uplink (2/2)
PRACH
PRACH uses 6 Resource Blocks in the frequency domain.
The location of those resource blocks is dynamic. Two parameters from RRC layer
define it:
PRACH Config. Index: for Timing, selecting between 1 of 4 PRACH durations
and defining if PRACH preambles can be send in any radio frame or only in
even numbered ones
PRACH Frequency offset: Defines the location in frequency domain

PUCCH: See below
Channel BW PUCCH RB/slot Overhead
1.4 MHz 1 1/6 = 16.7 %
3 MHz 2 2/15 = 13.3 %
5 MHz 3 3/25 = 12.0 %
10 MHz 3 3/50 = 6.0 %
15 MHz 3 3/75 = 4.0 %
20 MHz 3 3/100 = 3.0 %
Link Budget Module
Capacity
Cell Edge User Throughput
Target throughput requirement to be achieved at the cell edge
Normally it is a customer requirement
It can limit the MCS to be used
Required Capacity per User
Defined by the ratio of the Number of RB per User and the Total number of RB
available in the frequency domain
If this capacity is reaches 100% ( user throughput requirement cannot be
fulfilled by the chosen MCS) and error message appears
In case the tool gives an ERROR it is recommended:
Change to a higher MCS
Decrease the throughput requirement
Increase the bandwidth
Higher MCS increases the TBS and reduces the
# of RB per user
Decrease Throughput to decrease the # of RB
per user
Increase BW to increase the total number or RB
available

Number of RBs per User
See next slide

Number of Resource Blocks per User
TBS set
Number of user data bits transmitted
to single user during one TTI (1 ms)
Transport Block occupies two resource
blocks in time domain

MCS = 10-16QAM TBS_index = 9

Air Interface UserThr = 384 / (100% -
10%) = 427 kbps
search for TBS in I
TBS
9 >= Air
Interface
#RB_used = 3 TBS = 456 bits
456 bits / TTI = 456 bits / 1 ms = 456
kbps >= 427 kbps
Conclusion: # RB used= 3

Note:
UL 64QAM is not supported in RL10 product
release although it is available in the tool
Link Budget Module
Capacity
Transport Block Size for PDSCH/PUSCH
Transport block size identified when calculating the Number of RB per User

Maximum MCS Throughput [kbps]
Bit rate corresponding to the transport block size scaled up to occupy the complete set of
RB
Max. MCS Throughput= f (TBS)
TBS = f( MCS & Cell edge Throughput)
Link Budget Module
Channel
Channel Model
Link level simulation results are available for the Enhanced Pedestrian A 5km/h (EPA 05)
propagation channel (valid for low speed mobiles in general) and for Enhanced Typical
Urban (ETU70) valid for high speed mobiles

Antenna Configuration
Current options: 1Tx-1Rx, 1Tx-2Rx, 2Tx-2Rx (assumed to represent single stream -transmit
diversity- 2x2 MIMO)
4x4 MIMO: Not currently supported
Recommended configuration: DL1Tx-2Rx, UL 1Tx-2Rx. DL (MIMO transmit diversity)
improves the coverage (SINR) but normally LiBu will be UL limited so not much real gain.
Once Spatial Multiplexing is supported by ( increasing cell capacity) this should by the default
option. Note that although Flexi eNodeB is MIMO HW ready, additional SW licensing is
needed affecting the cost

FDPS ( Frequency Domain Packet Scheduler) Type
Two options available: Round Robin or Proportional Fair
Recommended option: Proportional Fair in DL since it provides higher throughputs than
Round Robin. However PF needs additional SW license affecting the cost
Link Budget Module
Channel
FDPS Users Per TTI
Max. # of users scheduled per TTI at the cell edge for a given cell edge user
throughput. The result cannot exceed 10 users per TTI because that is the
maximum value supported in RL10
Ratio between total number of RB available in the frequency domain and
Number of RB per User

FDPS Gain [dB]
Depends on the # of UEs scheduled per single TTI (1 ms)
FDPS Gain table specified for a 10MHz bandwidth. A scaling factor is applied for
other bandwidths
Table specifies the SINR difference between RR case ( reference) and PF case
( simulated)
Relevant for DL only: Channel aware scheduler for UL is supported in RL30

Link Budget Module
Channel
SINR:
Minimum relation between useful signal and sum of interferences coming from
own and neighboring cells and the received noise power
SINR in the tool is defined as:
DL SINR for EPA propagation channel when modelled within a LL simulation tool
assuming a 10MHz bandwidth and no FDPS Gain
+ implementation margin
- FDPS Gain
+ degradation_factor

Reflects turbo coding degradation for
small amount of input data to be coded
(=small amount of assigned resources)
SINR_degradation = SINR(#RB_used) SINR(#RB_max=100)
Link Budget Module
Channel
C/I at Cell Edge [dB]
Intercell interference at cell edge (G- Factor). Maximum achievable C/I at cell
edge assuming all cells transmit with equal power. Default for macro cell (95% cell
area probability) with current simulation results: -1.64 dB
Only applicable to downlink

Neighbour Cell Load [%]
Percentage of allocated Resource Blocks in the frequency domain which are also
used by the neighbouring cells
Affects the Interference Margin (see next slide)
High neighbour cell load increases the IM that in terms reduces the MAPL
High neighbour cell load limits the possibility of selecting high MCS
Customer may provide this value
Same value should be used when calculating the amount of sites needed for
capacity ( traffic dimensioning). It represents the max. resource utilization
Recommended value: 80%

Link Budget Module
Channel
Interference Margin
Interference Margin (IM) can be defined as a relation between signals received
with and without interference
The Interference Margin is defined as -10 LOG(1 Load) where, the load is
defined by:

From the formula above it shall be noted that Interference Margin is a function
of required SINR, Cell Load and C/I relation on the cell edge
Note: ERROR!" message in the tool in the Interference Margin field: the service
cannot be provided at cell edge with the selected MCS. MCS shall be changed to
more robust or eventually neighbour cell load shall be decreased

10
Edge Cell at C/I
10
SINR
10 Load Cell Neighbour 10 Load

=
Interference Margin
Downlink
IM as a function of Neighbour Cell Load for different MCS and cell
Edge User Throughputs
Interference Margin
Uplink
Uplink Interference Margin
Currently obtained from system level simulations. Due to the non-
deterministic characteristic of uplink interferences it is difficult to make a
mathematical model ( like in downlink)
It is a function of cell load
IM as a function of Cell Load
Link Budget Module
Channel
Number of Received Subcarriers [dB]
Number of allocated Resource Blocks in the frequency domain 12, expressed in
logarithmic units: 10* log (NoOfRB*12)

In uplink represents the Number of RB assigned per user transmission and in
downlink it is the maximum number of Resource Blocks for a chosen bandwidth.

Receiver sensitivity
Gives an indication of receivers ability for detection of low level signals
It is a function of:
Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio
Receivers Noise Figure
Channel bandwidth
RxSensitivity (dBm) = P
Noise
(dBm) + SINR (dB) + NF (dB) + 10* log (NoOfRB*12)

where: P
Noise
(dBm) = 10 log ( kTB)+ 30 = 132.24 (dBm)
NF: Receivers Noise Figure
NoOfRB: Number of Resource Blocks used for transmission
Link Budget Module
Coverage Reliability
Average Penetration Loss [dB]

Depends on the environment
type: outdoor, in-train, in-car, etc.
Generally scenario/clutter specific
values
Customer may provide this
information
Typical values:
In-car/Rural 5 10dB
In building:
Dense Urban: 2025 dB
Urban: 1520 dB
Suburban: 1015 dB

Standard Deviation (indoor) [dB]

Combined slow fading standard
deviation

Parameter used during log-normal
fading calculation. Standard deviation is
taken from measurements and depends
on the clutter type or simulation case
Customer may provide this information
Typical default values:
2
building
2
outdoor indoor
o + o = o
Link Budget Module
Coverage Reliability
Location Probability [%]
Probability for a user to be located
in the cell area or at the cell edge
Typical values for cell area
probability: 85%...95%

Log Normal Fade Margin [dB]
Also Shadow Fading Margin or
Slow Fading Margin
Difference between the signal
level necessary to cover the cell
with a certain probability of
coverage and the average signal
level at the cell edge
Calculated using the standard
deviation and location probability
requirement
Maximum Path Loss [dB]
Defined as: EIRP Sensitivity +
UE Antenna Gain + Gain against
Shadowing + Additional Gains
Penetration Loss Slow Fade
Margin Interference Margin
Path loss is calculated for UL and
DL. The limiting factor ( lowest
out of the UL/DL) defines the cell
range per clutter type ( see next
slide)

Link Budget Module
Radio Network configuration
Cell Layout
Tool offers three possibilities:
3 sector antenna_BW <=90
o
3 sector antenna_BW >90
o

Omni
Default: 3 sector
antenna_BW<=90
o

BTS Antenna Height [m]
Height above ground level
Depends on the environment.
Typically between 25-35m

UE antenna height [m]
Typically 1.5m
Site to Site Distance [km] and Site
Area
Calculated from a combination of the Cell
Range and Cell Layout

Outputs of Link Budget
Capacity Calculations
Site capacity is calculated inside the Cell Capacity Module within the Tool
Algorithm calculates the Maximum Cell throughput (capacity) for a single cell.
Site capacity is calculated with Ccell ( cell throughput) and the number of
sectors Ns:

DL Capacity and UL Capacity are calculated based on Link Level Simulations for
chosen antenna, System Level simulations and the inputs from the Link Budget (
mainly in the capacity section)
s cell site
N C C =
Cell capacity ( DL and UL) is calculated
for the scenario selected. Additionally, tool
offers the possibility of calculate capacity
for a user defined scenario

Note: Refresh ALWAYS the reference scenario
before capacity calculations to update the LiBu
parameters in case they are different from the
default values
UL
System level data coming from
MoRSE ( also in Parameter
sheet). Same distribution is used
for all clutter types
From tables in Parameter
Sheet. Depend on prop.
Channel, BLER and
transmit/receive diversity
Capacity Calculations
Tool calculates the capacity based on:
SINR PDFs: PDF(SINR)
Link adaptation curves: Throughput
Throughput PDF: PDF(SINR)* Throughput
DL and UL throughputs are calculated multiplying the SINR/ MCS dependent throughput
figures and the corresponding probability for each SINR/MCS

2
Multiplication of 1 (Throughput
per MCS) and 2 ( Probability of
SINR/MCS occurrence)
Probability for a user to observe a
certain SINR, if he is randomly
placed in the cell The link
adaptation curve
defines the cell
throughput
corresponding to
a specific SINR
value
1
Network Dimensioning Module
Calculates the number of sites required to serve
certain area while fulfilling the coverage and capacity
requirements.
Inputs:
Geographical and population data
Traffic Data (subscription rate, OF)
Site area ( from the link budget)
Site capacity ( calculated in the Capacity Module)
based on the Link Budget parameters and
simulations
Outputs:
The amount of sites needed for Capacity ( UL and
DL) and Coverage ( UL and DL) are calculated for
each clutter type

The limiting factor ( highest amount of sites required)
between Coverage and Capacity will determine the
total number of sites needed

Traffic (1/2)
Traffic model is usually given by the operator in
RFI/RFQ/RFP
Scope: To calculate the total amount of offered
traffic data per subscriber in the Busy Hour (Total
Offered Traffic)
Traffic Dimensioning may be one of the most
complicate and time consuming tasks of the
Dimensioning Process

Note: Traffic is total, therefore ALL applications provided by the operator ( VoIP,
streaming) must be considered
Information may be given in multiple ways and it is difficult to capture all with a
dimensioning tool
If customer doesnt provide the traffic data in the tools format (e.g. gives total
traffic figures instead) it will be necessary to adjust those inputs in a way that the
sum of the traffic offered for each clutter type equals the total traffic offered for the
different services per phase/year

g Overbookin
onRate Subscripti * s Subscriber
al TrafficTot =
Traffic (2/2)
Subscription rate
Peak data rate expected by an active user during BH
Overbooking factor (OF)
Reflects the fact that not all users are expected to be
served at their subscriber rate at the same time but
that each user is active only for a short time during
the busy hour
If all users were active at the same time, the system
would be overloaded ( overbooked) by the OF factor
Indication how much bandwidth can be overbooked
by network operator (e.g. for 1 Mb bandwidth and
OF=10, the operator can sell services with total
throughput of 10 Mb)
Load [%]
The field load in rows 30 and 39 of the Network
Dimensioning Module is used when calculating the
total amount of capacity sites needed
It represents the maximum resource utilization
Default: 80% (if required, it needs to be the same
as the neighbour cell load used in the LiBu)

Note: Capacity calculations are
based on 100% load. Simulations
are for full buffer scenario.
Number of sites
Calculated per clutter type and per phase/year
Number of sites for capacity DL and UL:
Inputs:
Total traffic to be served
Site throughput: Traffic carried by a site

Number of Sites for Coverage DL and UL:
Inputs:
Area size ( total area to be covered,
customer input)
Area covered by a site: Read from LiBu
Module

Note: Site throughput
depends on chosen site
layout in LiBu Module:
OMNI, 3-sector or 6-sector
) SiteArea / AreaSize ( Roundup Sites =
Total number of sites is defined by the maximum of sites needed for capacity ( UL
and DL) and for coverage( UL and DL)
Also calculated for all defined clutter types and phases
) Load * ty SiteCapaci / Traffic ed TotalOffer ( Roundup Sites =
Dimensioning exercise
Dimensioning exercise ( based on real cases)
Groups of 3-5 persons
Calculate the number eNodeB necessary to fulfill the coverage and the
capacity requirements presented in the next slides

Geographical area for the scenario:

Prepare to explain shortly the dimensioning methods used, results and
the main difficulties you experienced.
(Please notice, all parameters are not defined by the operators in these
cases. You should assume reasonable values for these parameters)
EoY
Dense Urban
(km
2
) Urban (km
2
) Suburban (km
2
) Rural (km
2
)
2010 100 250 500 0
2011- 2015 100 250 2700 1500
Dimensioning Exercise : Link Budget Data
Consider all UEs as
unrestricted terminals of
maximum data rate, at
least assume category 4
terminals with 150Mbps
downlink and 75Mbps
uplink transmission rate
Propagation Model:
default COST231-Hata

Assume 90% cell edge
coverage probability

User throughput at cell
edge: DL 2Mpbs, UL
512kbps
Load Level: 80%
Load level (of neighbor cells) is defined as percentage of used resource blocks (RB) in
neighbor cells transmitting at max. power
Feederless solution
Feederless
Customer is already providing the total figures without detailed
specification of any particular application

Following specific services must be supported:
Internet access services, including access to "Web 2.0" multimedia and social
networking services.
Call services of various forms, including VoIP.
Streaming services of various forms, including audio and video streaming.
Media download services of various forms, including audio and video podcasting.
Dimensioning Exercise : Traffic Data
Traffic/connections share: Assume that a dense urban sqKm delivers 5
times the volume of traffic of a suburban sqKm, an urban sqKm delivers 3
times more than a suburban sqKm and that a rural sqKm delivers a tenth of
a suburban sqKm
Tool inputs:
Subscription rate and
OF are needed. Play
with those figures so
total traffic is
achieved.

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