TALI M

Animal Systematics

Systematics

The study of biological diversity and classification classification of living organisms by evolutionary relationship

Classification

Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)

Swedish naturalist

Developed the modern taxonomic classification system

Linnean System of Classification

Kingdom
Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Animalia
Chordata Mammalia Primates Hominidae Gorilla Gorilla gorilla

Revised Linnean System

Division Eukarya

Kingdom
Phylum Subphylum Superclass Class Subclass Infraclass Order Superfamily Family Subfamily Genus Species Subspecies

Animalia
Chordata Vertebrata Tetrapoda Mammalia Theria Eutheria Primates Anthropoidea Hominidae Ponginae Gorilla Gorilla gorilla Gorilla gorilla beringei

Binomial Nomenclature

Genus + species Examples:

Rana catesbeiana: bull frog Turdus migratorius: American robin Homo sapiens: modern human Mucosa domestica: house fly Gorilla gorilla beringei: mountain gorilla

Subspecies sometimes included

What is an Animal

Eucaryotic

cells divided into organelles

Multicellular Heterotrophic

do not produce own nutrients

Lack cell walls Tissues linked by proteins (e.g. collagen)

What is an Animal

Cells often linked by cell junctions

gap, adhesion, tight nerve cells and muscle cells sperm + egg zygote blastula gastrula larva adult

Possess electrogenic cells

Reproduce sexually (diploid)

Major Evolutionary Divergences Among Animals

Development of Tissues Development of Body Plans Development of Body Cavities Developmental Origin of the Coelom

Development of Tissues
Development of aggregations of similar cells into patterns and layers Parazoa (sponges) lack tissues

Eumetazoa possess tissues

Development of Body Plans

Pattern of body and structure

Number of embryonic cell layers

Radiata (e.g. jellyfish, hydra)

radial symmetry diploblastic (2 germ cell layers) Blateral symmetry Triploblastic (3 germ cell layers)

Bilatera (everything else)

Development of Body Cavities

Acoleomates (flatworms)

no body cavities

Pseudocoelomates (rotifers, roundworms)

body cavity not surrounded by mesoderm (pseudocoelom)

Coleomates (everything else)

body cavity enclosed by mesoderm (coelom)

Developmental Origin of the Coelom

Coelomates are divided into two gorups based upon:

1. 2. 3. 4.

Pattern of cell cleavage during early development When cell developmental fate is determined How the coelom is formed How the digestive tract is formed during gastrulation

Protostomes

Mollusks, earthworms, insects, etc.

Spiral cleavage

cell division diagonal to vertical axis

Determinant cleavage

development into tissues determined very early in cleavage

coelom forms by splitting solid masses of mesoderm in

Schizocoelous

Blastopore forms mouth

Deuterostomes

Starfish, vertebrates
radial cleavage

cell division at right angles to vertical axis development into tissues determined later in cleavage

indeterminant cleavage

enterocoelous

coelom forms by mesoderm layer budding from archenteron

blastopore forms anus

Parazoa: Phylum Porifera

sponges little cell differentiation sessile no nerve or muscle cells porous body
enables water circulation through the body flow driven by choanocytes food collected and digested by amoebocytes

Radiata: Phylum Cnidaria

Corals, jellyfish, anemones, corals

gastrovascular cavity

central compartment with single opening polyp usually sessile medusa motile form

two basic body plans:

Radiata: Phylum Cnidaria

tentacles arranged around opening to the gastrovascular cavity

lined with nematocysts

stinging cells

possess nerve cells forming nerve net

no central nervous system

possess muscle-like cells

Radiata: Phylum Ctenophora

Comb jellies Similar in appearance to jellyfish Possess comb-like plates of cilia used for locomotion Collect food with tentacles covered with colloblasts (lasso cells)

Acoelomates: Phylum Platyhelminthes

Flatworms gastrovascular cavity with one opening true muscle tissue primitive excretory system (water balance) sensory organs in head (photoreceptors, chemoreceptors) central nervous system (ganglia in head w/ ventral nerve cords)

Acoelomates: Phylum Platyhelminthes

Major Classes

Turbellaria

planarians (free living)

Monogenea and Tremotoda

flukes (parasites)

Cestoidea

tapeworms (parasites)

Pseudocoelomates: Phylum Rotifera

Rotifers
complete digestive tract

separate mouth and anus

pseudocoelomic fluid acts as circulatory system cilia lining crown draw water into the mouth

Pseudocoelomates: Nematoda

Nematodes (roundworms) complete digestive tract pseudocoelomic fluid acts as circulatory system longitudinal muscle orientation aquatic habitats, soils, plant and animal parasites

Protostome Coelomates: Phylum Nemertea

Proboscis worms acoelomous body, except for fluid-filled sac used to extend proboscis similar excretory, sensory and nervous systems to flatworms complete digestive tract closed circulatory system (blood confined to vessels)

Protostome Coelomates: Lophophorate Phyla

possess lophophore

ciliated fold around mouth

no head

U-shaped digestive tract

Protostome Coelomates: Lophophorate Phyla

Bryozoans

sessile, resemble moss, hard exoskeletons horseshoe worms resemble bivalves

Phoronids

Brachiopods

Protostome Coelomates: Phylum Mollusca

Mollusks Major Classes:

Class Polyplacophora

chitons snails and slugs clams, oysters, mussels, etc. octopus, squid, nautiluses

Class Gastropoda

Class Bilvalvia

Class Cephalopoda

Protostome Coelomates: Phylum Mollusca

Muscular foot visceral mass

contains organs

gills (respiration) complete digestive tract w/ specialized organs open circulatory system (blood not confined to vessels) mantle

covers visceral mass, secretes shell

Protostome Coelomates: Phylum Annelida

Annelids (segmented worms) hydrostatic skeleton coelom in repeating segments with alternating longitudinal and circular muscles, setae, and metanephridia (excretion) closed circulatory system several specialized regions in digestive tract cerebral ganglia with ventral nerve cord

Protostome Coelomates: Phylum Annelida

Major Classes

Class Oligochaeta (earthworms) Class Polychaeta (polychaetes) Class Hirudinea (leeches)

Protostome Coelomates: Phylum Arthropoda

specialization of body segments

specialized limbs, etc.

hard exoskeleton

protein and chitin

high cephalization of sensory organs open circulatory systems

blood (hemolymph) not confined to vessels

Arthropods: Chelicerates

claw-like feeding appendages (chelicerae), lack antennae Class Arachnida (spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites)

2 body segments (cepahlothorax and abdomen) 6 pairs of appendages

chelicerae, pedipalps, 4 pr walking legs extend from cephalothorax enhances gas exchange btw hemolymph and air

book lungs

Arthropods: Uniramians
jaw-like feeding appendages (mandibles), 1 pair of antennae, unbranched appendages Class Diplopoda millipedes Class Chilopoda centipedes Class Insecta insects

three body segments (head, thorax, abdomen) many possess wings specialized digestive system Malpighian tubules (excretion) tracheal system (respiration)

Arthropods: Crustaceans

mandibles, 2 pair of antennae, branched appendages Class Crustacea

possess gills salt glands (hemolymph salt balance)

Groups
Isopods (e.g. pill bugs) Copepods (e.g. Cyclops) Decapods (crabs, lobsters, etc.)

Deuterostome Coelomates : Phylum Echinodermata

sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers adults have radial symmetry

bilateral larvae

endoskeleton of hard plates water vascular system

used to manipulate tube feet

Deuterostome Coelomates : Phylum Chordata

Lancelets tunicates, vertebrates Characteristics of embryos: 1. possess notochord

longitudinal, flexible rod between digestive tract and nerve cord

possess dorsal hollow nerve cord 3. have pharyngeal slits

2.

modified for gas exchanges, jaw support, hearing, etc.

4.

have muscular postanal tail

Invertebrate Chordates

Subphylum Urochordata

tunicates sessile marine animals chordate characters seen only in larvae lancelets

Subphylum Cephalochordata

Subphylum Vertebrata

Characteristics

neural crest formation during embryonic development vertebral column + skull pronounced cephalization of sensory and neural apparati closed circulatory system lack hinged jaws, notochord present throughout life possess hinged jaws, notochord replaced by vertebrae, paired appendages Possess two pairs of appendages

Agnathans

Gnathostomes

Tetrapods

Superclass Agnatha

lack hinged jaws, notochord present throughout life no paired appendages lampreys and hagfish

Superclass Gnathostoma: Jawed Fish

Class Chondrichthyes
Sharks, rays cartilaginous skeletons

Class Osteichthyes
bony fish (bone skeletons) Subclass Actinopterygii

Ray-finned fish Lobe-finned fish

Subclass Sarcopterygii

Superclass Tetrapoda: Class Amphibia

Characteristics
tetrapods (4 limbs)- terrestrial movement aquatic larval stage moist, permeable skin

Anurans

frogs and toads salamanders and newts legless, fossorial amphibians

Urodeles

Caecilians

Superclass Tetrapoda: Class (?) Reptilia

Reptiles Scaly, impermeable skin Amniotes

Lay shelled amniotic eggs Turtles Tuatara, snakes, lizards Crocodilians, dinosaurs, birds

Chelonians (Testudines)

Lepidosaurians

Archosaurs

Superclass Tetrapoda: Class Aves

Birds Amniotes Possess feathers Possess wings (flight) Endothermic

most

body heat generated internally

Two-circuit circulatory system

Superclass Tetrapoda: Class Mammalia

Mammals Possess hair Possess mammary glands Endothermic Two-circuit circulatory system Most give birth to young (amniotic) Diaphragm for active ventilation of lungs

Superclass Tetrapoda: Class Mammalia

Groups
Monotremes
lay

eggs platypuses, echidnas

Marsupials
embryo

completes development in pouch kangaroos and opossums

Eutherians
form

placenta cats, humans, squirrels