Chapter 4 (P#230)

AC Machinery
Fundamentals
Pole
DC excitation
winding
Fan
Slip
rings
AC Generator (Field Fix Armature Rotating)
Will it work as AC Generator if the Armature is
fixed and Field is rotating ?
DC Machine: Armature
Rotating Field Stationary
AC Machine: Armature
Stationary Field Rotating
Why the above arrangement
is feasible for AC Machines?
Salient 2-Poles Rotor Non-Salient 2-Poles Rotor
4.1 A simple Loop in a uniform Magnetic Field (230)
(Voltage Induced in a simple rotating Loop (Page 231 ))
e
ind
= ZBVLsinu single conductor (Z=1)

e
ind
= 2 BVLsinu loop (2 conductors Z=2)
e
ind
= |
max
esin et [4-11 ]
Z

S
The voltage generated in the loop is a sinusoidal whose
magnitude is equal to the product of the flux inside the machine
and the speed rotating of the machine
4.1 A simple Loop in a uniform Magnetic Field (230)
(Torque Induced in a current-carrying Loop (Page 234 ))
F = ZBILsinu single conductor (Z=1)

F = 2 BILsinu loop (2 conductors Z=2)
t
ind
= k B
loop
x B
S
[4-20 ]
The torque induced in the loop is proportional to the strength of
the loops magnetic field, the strength of the external magnetic
field, and the sine of the angle between them.
r
N
S
F
F
XX
B
loop
B
S
4.2 (page 238) Rotating Magnetic Field
(Page 242 - The relationship between Electric Frequency and the
speed of Magnetic Field Rotation)
) . (
P n
f
m
e
34 4
120
=
n
m
= speed of magnetic field in rev/min
f
e
= electric frequency in Hz (Hertz cycle/sec)
P = Number of poles (North south are counted as 2-poles)

How the stator magnetic field be made to rotate?
The fundamental principle of ac machine operation is that:
IF a 3-phase set of currents, each of equal magnitude and
differing in phase by 120
0
, flows in a 3-phase winding, then it will
produce a rotating magnetic field of constant magnitude (1.5
times the peak value).

The three phase winding consists of three separate windings
spaced 120
0
electrical apart around the surface of the machine

(Page 244) Reversing the Direction of Magnetic Field Rotation

If the current in any two of the three coils is swapped, the direction
of magnetic fields rotation will be reversed. This means that it is
possible to reverse the direction of rotation of an ac motor just by
switching the connections on any two of three coils.

Page 241 Proof of the Rotating Magnetic Field
Next Few Slides Will Demonstrate The
Revolving Magnetic Field in The Stator Windings
ALTERNATOR (AC Generator or Synchronous Generators)

The elementary 3-phase 2-pole synchronous generator has a
stator equipped with 3 coils displaced 120o from each other;
although shown as concentrated, they actually are distributed.
When the rotor is excited with dc and rotated, the resultant
field will also rotate so that sinusoidal voltages are generated
in the 3 stator phases, displaced 120o in time and having a
frequency directly related to rotor speed.
Page 241 Proof of the Rotating Magnetic Field
A -C B -A C
0
o
360
o
-C
-B
C
B
A
-A
-B
Stator winding
Phase A
magnetic axis
corresponding coil
Phase B
magnetic axis
corresponding coil
Phase C
magnetic axis
corresponding coil
in
out
P
P
) ( Efficiency =
in
losses in
P
P P
=
losses out
out
P P
P
+
=
in
losses
P
P
+ = 1
1. Electrical Losses or Copper Losses (I
2
R)
2. Core Losses=Hysteresis+Eddy Current Losses (Proportional to Speed & |)
3. Mechanical Losses (Proportional to speed)
4. Stray Load Losses 1% of the Full Load rated Capacity (100 W 1 W)

Armature (Stator) Losses

Field (Rotor) Losses ( Fixed I
F
)
A A A
R I P loss Armature
2
3 =
F F F
R I P ) Rotor ( loss Field
2
=
P
out
=V
|
I
A
cosu
=3 V
L
I
L
cosu
Stray
Losses
1% of Rating

Mechanical
Losses
= Friction
+ Windage
Losses

Core
Losses
= Eddy
Current
+ Hystersis
Losses
I
2
R Losses
= Armature
+ Field
Losses

Mechanical
P
in
= t
app
e
m
P
out
= P
in
- Losses
t
ind
e
m
P
conv
Stray
Losses
1% of Rating

Mechanical
Losses
= Friction
+ Windage
Losses

Core
Losses
= Eddy
Current
+ Hystersis
Losses
I
2
R Losses
= Armature
+ Field
Losses

P
out
=V
|
I
A
cosu
=3 V
L
I
L
cosu


P
out
= P
in
- Losses
t
ind
e
m
P
conv
Mechanical
P
out
= t
ind
e
m
AC Generator are compared by their
VOLTAGE
POWER RATINGS
EFFCIENCIES
VOLTAGE REGULATIONS
AC Motors are compared by their:
SPEED
POWER RATINGS
EFFCIENCIES
SPEED REGULATIONS
FL
FL NL
gulation Re Speed
e
e e
=
FL
FL NL
V
V V
gulation Re Voltage

=
Assume the Motors are run
from a constant source
(V
T
), unless voltage change
is specified
Assume the Generators are are
run from a constant Speed
source called Prime Mover,
unless speed change is specified
END OF CHAPTER 4
NEXT CHAPTER 5
Synchronous Generators


http://www.ece.umn.edu/users/riaz/animations/spacevectors.html
http://www.coolmagnetman.com/magacmot.htm
Motor Generator
R
A
E
A
R
A
E
A
I
A
= I
L

+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
I
F

V
T
R
A
E
A
R
A
E
A
I
A
= I
L

+
-
+
-
I
F

L V
T
Separately
&
shunt
M/R & G/R
) R + R ( I E = V
S A A A T
R
A
E
A
R
A
E
A
+
-
+
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I
A
= I
L
=I
F
V
T
V
T
R
A
E
A
R
A
E
A
I
A
= I
L
=I
F
R
L
2
A
I ' K =
E
A
=K|e
V
T
=E
A
I
A
R
A
E
A
=K|e
T=K|I
A
R
A
E
A
R
A
E
A
R
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A
R
A
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R
A
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R
A
+

-

+
-
+
-
R
A
E
A
R
A
E
A
R
A
E
A
I
A
= I
L

+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
I
F

T

I
A
~I
L