Electric generator family tree

Electric Generator

Chapter No : 5 Page 250

Synchronous Generators

(Rotor speed )nm= nsyn=120 f/P

f =nmP/120
Synchronous generator is the most important component in the power system Source of 99% of the MW in most power systems

Synchronous Machines

Generator

Exciter
View of a two-pole round rotor generator and exciter.

Generation Operation

Generation Operation

 A magnetic field is provided by the DC-current carrying field winding which induces the desired AC voltage in the armature winding

Field winding is always located on the rotor where it is connected to an external DC source via slip rings and brushes or to a revolving DC source via a special brushless configuration
Armature winding is located on the stator where there is no rotation

The armature consists of three windings all of which are wound on the stator, physically displaced from each other by 120 degrees

Generation Operation

The generator is classified as a synchronous machine because it is only at synchronous speed that it can develop electromagnetic torque
2 m e p

e 2f
120 Ns f p

= frequency in rad/sec
= machine speed in RPM

p = number of poles on the rotor of the machine

For 60 Hz operation (f=60)

120 Ns f p

No. of Poles (p) ------------------2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Synchronous speed (Ns) ----------------------------3600 1800 1200 900 720 600 514 450 400 360

Synchronous Machines
CN A+
Rotor with dc winding
+ + + + +

B+

Stator with laminated iron core

ASlots with phase winding

S BC+

Two-pole salient pole generator concept.

Synchronous Machines
B+ C-

AC+ N
+ +
+ +

BS

A+

S A+ CB+
+ +

BC+

+ +

N A-

Four-pole salient pole generator concept.

 2 and 4-pole machines have nonsalient (cylindrical) poles while machines with 4 or more poles have salient (sticking out) poles.

Salient (sticking out) poles

For 60 Hz operation (f=60)

Synchronous generator Rotor construction Round Rotor Two pole Salient Pole

s = 3600 rpm

Four Pole

s = 1800 rpm

Eight Pole

s = 900 rpm

Synchronous Machines-Stator
Metal frame

Laminated iron core with slots

Insulated copper bars are placed in the slots to form the three-phase winding

Details of a generator stator.

Salient Pole Construction

Smooth rotor Construction

Synchronous Machine

Field Winding

Field Winding

Two Pole Cylindrical Rotor Machine

Four Pole Salient Rotor Machine

The stator is similar in construction to Induction motor The rotor can be Salient or Non-Salient Field excitation is provided on the rotor by either permanent or electromagnets with number of poles equal to the poles of the rotating magnetic field caused by stator The rotor gets locked to the RMF and rotates unlike induction motor at synchronous speed under all load condition

All conventional power plants use synchronous generators for converting power to electrical form

Fact:

hydro turbines are slow speed, steam turbines are high speed. Do hydro-turbine generators have few poles or many? Do steam-turbine generators have few poles or many?

Fact:

salient pole incurs significant mechanical stress at high speed.

Do steam-turbine generators have salient poles or smooth?

Fact: Salient pole rotors are cheaper to build than smooth. Do hydro-turbine generators have salient poles or smooth?

Synchronous Machines

Rotor block of a large generator. (Courtesy Westinghouse)

Synchronous Machines
Steel retaining ring Shaft Shaft

Wedges DCcurrent current DC terminals terminals

Large generator rotor completely assembled. (Courtesy Westinghouse)

Synchronous Machines

Figure 6.9Stator of a large salient pole hydro generator; inset shows the insulated conductors and spacers.

Synchronous Machines

Figure 6.10 Large hydro generator rotor with view of the vertical poles.

Synchronous Machines
Slip rings

Pole

Fan

DC excitation winding

Figure 6.11 Rotor of a four-pole salient pole generator.

shows the rotor and stator of a hydrogenerator, which uses a salient pole rotor.

Fig 5-3 (Page 253) Brushless exciter

Synchronous Machine Main Field
Slip rings

Pole

Fan

DC excitation winding

ROTOR STATOR
Main Armature

Red
Yellow Blue Three-Phase output

Animation of a squirrel-cage AC motor http://www.coolmagnetman.com/magacmot.htm Three-phase induction motors

http://www.zeva.com.au/tech.php?section=motors

Permanent Magnet DC Motor

DC Motor with wound stator

Brushless DC Motor ("in-runner" type)

AC Induction Motor