Phase A state of matter that is uniform throughout in terms of chemical composition and physical state.

A part of a chemical system that has the same composition and state phasis meaning appearance

Phase

Condensed phase solids and liquids Vapor phase gases Solid phase allotropes

Ex. Ice, water, steam

Ice stable form of water below 0C Water stable between 0C 100C Steam normal stable form above 100C

Phase Transition
Solid gas Solid liquid Liquid gas Liquid solid Gas liquid Gas solid Sublimation Melting Boiling Freezing, fusion Condensation Condensation

Ice water
Two or more phases can coexist indefinitely provided that we maintain certain conditions of temperature T and pressure P. The normal freezing temperature of water is 0C. This is the only temperature at which both ice and water coexist at ?

Equilibrium
The rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the backward reaction. When liquid water is converted to ice, an equal amount of solid ice melts back to liquid. This equilibriums state is called ?

Delta G
G = spontaneous G = + non spontaneous G = 0 in equilibrium

Chemical potential ()
= G/n Molar Gibbs energy The lower the chemical potential the more stable the phase.

4 Fundamental equations of thermodynamics

dU=TdS - PdV (1) dH=TdS + VdP (2) dA=-SdT - PdV (3) dG=-SdT + VdP (4)


L G

T3


L G

T3

Phase Diagram
Shows the regions of pressure and temperature at which each various phases are thermodynamically stable.

Phase diagram for water

Phase diagram for water

Polymorphism Existence of different solid phases. Ice VII is solid at 100C!!!!

Ice-I
The structure partially collapse in melting. Thus the liquid water becomes denser than the solid. The slope of solidliquid boundary is negative.

Metastable Phase
A thermodynamically unstable phase that persists because the transition is kinetically hindered. Ex. Diamond, supercooled liquid napthalene

CO2 phase diagram

The liquid does not exists at normal atmospheric P. Thus the solid CO2 sublimes dry ice Note the positive slope of solidliquid boundary.

CO2 phase diagram

Phase diagram for 4He

4He is the only known substance with Liquidliquid boundary. Superfluid liquid with zero viscosity.

SUMMARY Phase diagrams are graphical representation of equilibrium relationship (governed by the laws of thermodynamics) as a function of temperature, pressure, phase composition or combinations of these variables.

SUMMARY

All phases have associated Gibbs Free Energy of formation. This value describes the energy that is release or consumed when a phase is created from other phases.

SUMMARY Chemical potental is a quantity as being the cause of things moving, be they charges, masses, or, in this case, chemicals. A measure of the change in free energy as you remove or add particles to a system while keeping T and P constant

Review Among the 3 states of matter, which has the lowest potential energy? A major driving force for physical and chemical systems is the tendency toward minimum potential energy, true or false?

T = constant; gas = ideal

vacuum

hole

Review What is the average potential energy before and after the expansion? Average kinetic energy? If the gas is not ideal, what is the average potential and kinetic energy of the gas?

Does the drive to minimum energy could be responsible for the tendency of a gas to expand?

Conclusion The only change to the expansion is increase in volume of the gas. Gas molecules are less certain than it was before. Gas molecules has an increase in the degree of disorder and/or randomness.

Review Now consider the reverse process. What is the chance that gas molecules from the left side of the container will spontaneously move towards the right side and leave the left side void of any gas particles?

Conclusion Expansion is spontaneous and compression is not. The natural direction for the process leads to an increase in randomness or disorder. Simply, natural processes favors an increase of the change in entropy, S.

SUMMARY

Physical and chemical systems tends to seek minimum energy. The system has a tendency to increase disorder.

Review Problems
Predict the sign of S for the ff:

a) CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g) b) 2 Br(g) Br2(g) c) Ar(g) (0.5 mole, 1.0 L, 300 K) Ar(g) (0.5 mole, 2.0 L, 300 K) d) C(s) (0.1 mole, 200 K) C(s) (0.1 mole, 400 K)

CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g) A gas and a solid are produced from a solid. Products have higher entropy due to gas formation. Thus S > 0 S = +

2 Br(g) Br2(g)
A bond is formed between two bromine atoms. This aggregation restricts the freedom of the atoms, which must now travel together as a molecule. Disorder decreases, S < 0 S =

Ar(g) (0.5 mole, 1.0 L, 300 K) Ar(g) (0.5 mole, 2.0 L, 300 K) A given amount of Ar gas is allowed to occupy a larger volume. Its disorder increases. Thus S > 0 S = +

C(s) (0.1 mole, 200 K) C(s) (0.1 mole, 400 K)

The temperature of a given amount of solid carbon is increased. The thermal motions of the atoms will increase in speed and in amplitude, causing more disorder. Thus S > 0 S = +

H2O(l) H2O(g)
EP > 0 S > 0 Which one favors the change to liquid phase? Which one favors gas phase? 2 natural tendencies try to drive the process in opposite direction

at a given temperature, all molecules have the same average kinetic energy, whether they are present in the solid, liquid, or gas phase

Recall G dG = -SdT + VdP

constant T & P

(4)
j

Most chemical reactions are subject to

dG = -SdT + VdP + idni

i=1

dGTotal = dGA + dGB i,A = i,B

i,A = i,B
the thermodynamic criteria for equilibrium at equilibrium, the chemical potential of any substance has the same value in all phases which it occurs. determines whether a substance will undergo a chemical reaction or diffuse from one part of the system to another

One component, two-phase system

at equilibrium, any substance moving out of one phase results into another substance moving to the other Component: phase water dG = 0 System: Ice + liquid dn ice = dnliquid water
water

Recall dG = -SdT + VdP ; = G/n

In molar quantities, we can rewrite it

d = -SdT + VdP

If (T,P) d = (/T)PdT + (/P)TdP (/T)P = -S (/P)T = V

 (/P)T = V

Slope = V

 (/T)P = -S
Slope = -S

The first derivative gives the slope The slope of vs T for a gas is more negative than the other phase Ss < Sl <<< Sg

 vs T plot
Direction of : high S low
I II III G L

Tm

Ts Tb

More G means : spontaneous

 vs T plot
high P --- low P

I Tm Tm Tb II Tb III L

Conclusion
At constant T:
lowering the pressure shifts the lines

downward d = VdP and since V is always positive, decreasing P results to a decrease in .

is directly proportional to P

Recall: -T plot
at high altitudes, liquid boils faster because Tb is attained faster Shift in Tb is large Shift in Tm is small I Tm Tm Tb II Tb III L S

Recall: Triple Point

at triple point: s = l = g

G
T3

Recall: Phase Diagram

PC 1 atm

P3

Solid

T3

Liquid

TC

critical point

Gas

normal MP

normal BP

Conclusion
Phase diagram:
shows the region of P and T at which

the various phases are thermodynamically stable () shows the properties of the substance such as m.p., b.p., critical pt., etc.

Every point in the graph represents a state of the system.

2-phase system
Consider a system consisting of and : = (same chemical potential) d = d -SdT + VdP = -SdT + VdP (S S)dT = (V V)dP

2-phase system
If the transformation is : S = S S V = V V SdT = VdP Rearranging we get the Clapeyron Equation: dP S = dT V

Solid-Liquid Equilibrium Solid Liquid (fusion or melting?) If solid liquid then:

S = SL SS = Sfusion

At equilibrium: Sfusion = (Hfusion/Tm)

Solid-Liquid Equilibrium
Sfusion = + Hfusion = + Vfusion = + or If VL > VS then: Vfusion = + (for most substances)

If VL < VS then:
V
fusion

= (for few substances)

Solid-Liquid Equilibrium The values for the transformation of most solids and liquids are: Sfusion = 16 J/mol-K Vfusion = 4 cm3/mol dP/dT = + or (depends on Vfusion)

Problem 1.1
Calculate the change in melting point if there is a change in pressure of 1 atm. dP S = dT V dP 16 J/mol-K = 3/mol 4 cm dT

Problem 1.1
16 J/mol-K 0.0821 L-atm/mol-K 1000 cm3 = 1L 4 cm3/mol 8.314 J/mol-K

dP = 40 atm/K dT = 0.025 K/atm

Liquid-Gas Equilibrium Liquid Gas (condensation or evaporation?) If liquid gas then:

S = SG SL = Svap

At equilibrium: Svap = (Hvap/Tb)

Liquid-Gas Equilibrium Hvap = + (endothermic) Since VG > VL then:

Vvap = + (for all substances) Vvap = + Since SG > SL then: Svap = + (for all substances)

Svap = +

Liquid-Gas Equilibrium At ordinary temperature and pressure: Svap 10.5 K = 88 J/mol-K Vvap 0.02 m3/mol dP/dT = small

Problem 1.2
Calculate the change in boiling point if there is a change in pressure of 1 atm. dP S = dT V dP 88 J/mol-K = 3/mol 0.02 m dT

Problem 1.2
88 J/mol-K 0.0821 L-atm/mol-K 1m3 = 1000 L 0.02 m3/mol 8.314 J/mol-K

dP = 0.04 atm/K dT = 25 K/atm

Solid-Gas Equilibrium Solid Gas (condensation or sublimation?) If solid gas then:

S = SG SS = Ssub

At equilibrium: Ssub = (Hsub/Ts)

Solid-Gas Equilibrium Hsub = + (endothermic) Hsub = Hfusion + Hvap Since VG > VS then:
Vsub = + (for all substances) Vsub = + (VG VS) Since SG >>> SS then: Ssub = + (for all substances)

Ssub = +

Solid-Gas Equilibrium dP/dT = + (for all substances) Note also that the process is stable at low P and at T below the T3

Problem 1.3
A sample of liquid of molecular weight 46.0 g/mole and density 1.04 g/mL is injected into a 150-mL closed container and spreads out to provide a surface area of 25 cm2. Over a period of 1.0 minute, the pressure due to vapor rises to an equilibrium value of 45 torr at 297 K. Calculate the average rate of evaporation of liquid.

Problem 1.3

Problem 1.3
MWL = 46.0 g/mole L = 1.04 g/mL V = 150 mL surface area of 25 cm2. t = 1.0 min. P = 45 torr T = 297 K rate of evaporation =?

Problem 1.3
nL = (45/760)(.150)/(0.0821)(297) = 3.64 x10-4 mol no. of particles/molecules = ? = 2.20 x1020 volume of liquid converted to vapor =? = 0.0161 mL

Problem 1.3 Final answer can be given as:

= 3.64 x10-4 mol/min. = 2.20 x1020 molecules/min.

= 0.0161 mL/min.

Problem 1.4 Calculate the entropy change, S, caused by heating 1 mol of sucrose from 360 K to 400 K. (Cp = 425 J K1mol1).
S = Cp ln

( )
T2 T1

Problem 1.4 S = Cp ln (Tf/Ti)

= 425 ln (400/360) = 425 ln (1.11)

= 44.8 J/K-mol.

Problem 1.5 Methanol can be prepared in the gas phase by reacting carbon monoxide with hydrogen. Is the reaction feasible at 298 K if: 1 H = 90.7 kJ mol and S = 219 J K1 mol1?

Problem 1.5 G = (90,700) (298)(219) G = 90,700 + 65,262 G = 25.4 kJ/mol G = Yes

Problem 1.6
How does your common laboratory water pump works? If the pressure inside the water pump is the same as the vapor pressure of water which is 28 mm Hg at 298 K, what is the G per mole of the gas that moves assuming that the pressure of the gas inside is the same as the atmostpheric pressure (760 mm Hg)?

Application

The Bernoulli effect occurs when the flow of fluid over one face of a body is greater than over another, leading to pressure inequalities.

Application When we sneeze, gases in the lungs are ejected through the throat so at extraordinary speeds of well over a hundred miles an hour. One of the obvious reasons for a sneeze is to expel germs, dust, etc. in the nose which is why a sneeze can be so messy.

Application
But a sneeze is much more sophisticated than mere germ removal. The pressure of the expelled gas is quite high because of its speed. Having left the mouth, a partial vacuum is left near the back of the throat as a result of the Bernoulli effect.

Application
Having a partial vacuum at the back of the throat is thermodynamically unstable, since the pressure in the nose is sure to be higher. Gas from a region of high pressure (the nose) will be sucked into the region of low pressure (the back of the mouth) to equalize them. The nose is unblocked during this process of pressure equilibration, so one of the major reasons why we sneeze is to unblock the nose.

Problem 1.6
If the pressure inside the water pump is the same as the vapor pressure of water which is 28 mm Hg at 298 K, what is the G per mole of the gas that moves assuming that the pressure of the gas inside is the same as the atmostpheric pressure (760 mm Hg)?

Recall: Maxwell relation

(/P)T = Vm

= chemical potential or simply

G per mole Vm = volume per mole or molar volume

(dG/dP) = Vm

Recall: Ideal Gas Law

PV = nRT PV/n = RT
V/n = volume per mole or molar

volume

Vm = RT/P

Combining

Vm = dG/dP = RT/P dG/dP = RT/P dG = RT (dP/P) Integrate then solve the problem

Problem 1.6

dG = RT (dP/P) G2 G1 = RT ln (P2/P1)

G = RT ln

( )
P2 P1

Problem 1.6
Patm = 760 mm Hg Pf = 28 mm Hg Pi = 760 mm Hg T = 298 K G = ?

G = RT ln

( )
P2 P1

Problem 1.6 G = (8.314)(298) ln (28/760) 2 G = (2477.57) ln(3.68 10 ) G = (2477.57)(3.30) G = 8.18 kJ/mol

Application
P2 G = RT ln P1 Examine the term in the parenthesis
if < 1, the logarithm term will be negative

( )

if > 1 then its positive

Implication to G to gas pressure?

gas movement from a higher pressure P(initial) to a lower pressure P(final) is spontaneous

Application
This also explains why pumping up a car tyre is difficult, yet the tyre will deflate of its own accord if punctured OR

compression can only occur if energy is put into the system compression involves work

Review: Free Energy

How much energy is needed?

Can you answer the question?

How much energy is needed?

Too imprecise to be useful to us. Usually, the amount of energy needed will depend on how much material we wish to use. It also depends on whether we wish to perform a chemical reaction or a physical change, such as compression. We cannot answer the question until we redefine it.

Picture an ice rink or iceblock

Is the coefficient of friction for ice high?

Yes, the coefficient of

friction for ice is quite high?

So how come, we easily slip on the ice rink or on ice blocks?

It is the waterice combination that is treacherous and slippery. The thin layer of liquid water covering the ice surface is the reason why we easily slip.

Recall: H2O Phase diagram

applying a high pressure from p1 to p2 causes the melting temperature of the water to decrease from temperature T1 to T2

Problem 1.7
Consider a car weighing 1000 kg parked on a sheet of ice at 273.15 K. Take the area under wheels in contact with the ice as 100 cm2. What is the new melting temperature of the ice if: Hm(melt) = 6.0 kJ/mol and Vm(melt) = 1.6106 m3/mol.

Recall: Clapeyron Eq. dP S = dT V Assuming equilibrium: (dP/dT) = Hm/TVm

Consider a car weighing 1000 kg parked on a sheet of ice at 273.15 K. Take the area under wheels in contact with the ice as 100 cm2. What is the new melting temperature of the ice if: Hm(melt) = 6.0 kJ/mol and Vm(melt) = 1.6 106 m3/mol.

Problem 1.7
P = = = dT = = = force per area = F/A (1,000)(10)/102 106 Pa (dP T Vm) / Hm (106)(273.15)(1.6106) / 6.0x103 0.07 K

T = Tf Ti = 0.07 K Tf = 273.08 K

Why does a pressure cooker work?

A pressure cooker is a sealed saucepan in which food cooks faster than the ordinary saucepan (that is open to the air).
The internal pressure inside a goodquality pressure cooker can be as high 6 atm. It enables food to cook fast because its internal pressure is high, which elevates the temperature at which food cooks.

Recall: H2O Phase diagram

applying a high pressure from p to p2 causes the boiling temperature of the water to increase from temperature 100 C to T2

Problem 1.8
What is the boiling temperature of pure water inside a pressure cooker? Let the normal boiling temperature (T1) of water be 100 C at P1) and let P2 be the six times the normal pressure (P1) inside the pan. The enthalpy of boiling water is 50.0 kJ/mol

Recall: Ideal Gas Law

Assumption 1: We assume that the gas is perfect and obeys the ideal equation:
PV = nRT or PVm = RT

Assumption 2: We assume that the enthalpy of the phase change is independent of temperature and pressure.

Assumption 3: We assume that Vm is the molar change in volume during the phase change and that Vm(liquid) is negligible:
Vm = Vm(gas) Vm(liquid)
Vm Vm(gas) Vm(gas) 22.4 dm3/mol

Recall: Clapeyron Eq.

Applying our assumption we get: Applying the ideal gas assumption: Multiplying and rearranging:

Integrating
Integration with limits: Subsequent integration: assumption: Inserting limits:

Grouping two logarithmic terms, we get the Clausius Clapeyron equation

Problem 1.8
What is the boiling temperature of pure water inside a pressure cooker? Let the normal boiling temperature (T1) of water be 100 C at P1) and let P2 be the six times the normal pressure (P1) inside the pan. The enthalpy of boiling water is 50.0 kJ/mol

Problem 1.8
ln (6P1/P1) = 50,000/8.314 (1/T21/373) ln 6 = 6,014 (1/T2 1/373) 1.792/6014 = 1/T2 1/373

2.98 x104 = 1/T2 0.002681 2.39 x103 = 1/T2

T2 = 418.81 K

Recall: Daltons Law P(total) = Pi Problem 1.9

What is the total pressure of 10 g of nitrogen gas and 15 g of methane gas at 298 K, and what is the partial pressure of nitrogen in a mixture?

Problem 1.9
nN2 = (10/28) = 0.3571 mol nCH4 = (15/16) = 0.9375 mol nTotal = nN2 + nCH4 = 1.2946 nN2 = PN2V/RT ; nCH4 = PCH4V/RT nTotal = PTotalV/RT ; PTotal = PN2 + PCH4 PCH4 = 0.9375/1.2946 = 0.7242 = 72.42% PN2 = 0.2758 = 27.58%

Review: Organic Chemistry

How are essential oils extracted from plants, especially the heatsensitive ones?

Can you recall the answer? By steam distillation

Problem 1.10

Derive the percentage of each constituent in the vapour and show how it depends only on its vapour pressure at the distillation temperature.

Problem 1.10
Recall the Ideal Gas Law: P1V= n1RT ; P2V= n2RT R and V are both constant giving: P1 = n 1 x T ; P 2 = n2 x T Divide by the number of moles: P1/n1 = T ; P2/n2 = T

Problem 1.10
Since they are in thermal equilibrium, T is similar: P1/n1 = P2/n2

Rearranging: P1/P2 = n1/n2

Nomograph
A typical nomograph is used for estimating the temperature at which a pure liquid boils when the pressure is decreased

Problem 1.11 A liquid has a normal boiling temperature of 140 C. Use the nomograph to estimate the applied pressure needed to decrease the boiling temperature to 90 C.

How to solve the problem?

Place a straight ruler against the applied pressure as indicated on the curved right-hand scale (c). The ruler must also pass through the normal boiling temperature on the middle scale (b). The reduced-pressure boiling temperature is then read off the lefthand scale (a).

140 C 100 mm 90 C

Problem 1.11
A liquid has a normal boiling temperature of 140 C. Use the nomograph to estimate the applied pressure needed to decrease the boiling temperature to 90 C.

100 mm Hg

Homework!
An important industrial chemical reaction is hydration of ethene to ethanol. The reactants and products are all in gas (vapor) phase: H2C=CH2(g) + H2O(g) CH3CH2OH(g) At T = 300 C andP = 200 atm, the equilibrium quotient of pressure, Kp = 0.860. Calculate the partial pressure of the product, ethanol, under these conditions.

Recall: Phase Diagram

One-phase regionspoint Phase Triple lines Temperature or both Pressure or can (within limits) at not be varied can be varied arbitrarily all

2 Variance = 0 1 1 Phase = 3 2
T

Recall: Math principles

Consider a system with 3 variables, x, y, z. 1. Consider the 3 variables are independent and are not connected or associated with any equation.

What will be their values?

Recall: Math principles

Consider a system with 3 variables, x, y, z. 1. Consider the 3 variables are connected or associated with an equation. Ex. 3x + 2y + z = 10 What will be their values?

Recall: Math principles

3x + 2y + z = 10

x=0 x=0 x=1 x=1

;y=0 ;y=1 ;y=0 ;y=1

; ; ; ;

z = 10 z=8 z=7 z=5

The number of equation/s is one and the variance is 2.

Recall: Math principles

Consider a system with 3 variables, x, y, z. 1. Consider the 3 variables are connected or associated with two equations. Ex. 3x + 2y + z = 10 and x+y+z=6 What will be their values?

Recall: Math principles

3x + 2y + z = 10 x+y+z=6

x=0 ;y=4 ; z=2 x=1 ;y=2 ; z=3 x=2 ;y=0 ; z=4

The number of equation/s is two and the variance is 1.

Recall: Math principles

Consider a system with 3 variables, x, y, z. 1. Consider the 3 variables are connected or associated with three equations. Ex. 3x + 2y + z = 10 and x+y+z=6 and x + 3y z = 8 What will be their values? Compute!!!

Recall: Math principles 3x + 2y + z = 10 x+y+z=6 x + 3y z = 8

x = 1/3 ; y = 10/3 ; z = 7/3
The number of equation/s is three and the variance is 0.

Recall: Math principles 3x + 2y + z = 10 x+y+z=6 x + 3y z = 8 x = 1/3 ; y = 10/3 ; z = 7/3

The values of the 3 variables are fixed. Simply, the system of 3 unknowns (variable) and 3 equations have a unique solution

Recall: Math principles

Consider a system with 3 variables, x, y, z. 1. Consider the 3 variables are connected or associated with four equations. Ex. 3x + 2y + z = 10 and x+y+z=6 and x + 3y z = 8 and 3x + 3 y z = 8 What will be their values?

Recall: Math principles

The system simply has no solution. There are no values for the variables that will satisfy all four equations. We can conclude therefore that we can not have a variance of less than zero.

Summary
The principle we extract here is that:
variance = no. of variables no. of eqns. 0

Recall: Phase Diagram

The system can have two equations for the variance:

v = 3 no. of phases v = 2 + 1 no. of phases

(1) (2)

2-component system
p=1 v=3 p=2 v=2

Vapor

Liq.+Vap.

p=1 v=3

Liquid
0 1

Liquid-Vapor Liquid-phase or phase region Vapor-phase Temperature can regions be varied but the C omposition or of T emperature both liquid P ressure or and vapor phases omposition P C must keep track (within limits) can as varied indicated by be the tie-lines Variance = 3 Variance Phase = 1= 2 Phase = 2

Recall: Eq. 1 & 2 earlier

v = 3 no. of phases v = 2 + 1 no. of phases (1) (2)

The 2-component system can also have two equations for the variance:

v = 4 no. of phases v = 2 + 2 no. of phases

(3) (4)

Recall: Eq. 2 & 4 earlier

v = 2 + 1 no. of phases v = 2 + 2 no. of phases (2) (4)

The 2 equations are the same except for the 2nd term. Eq. 2 is for a 1-component system while Eq. 4 is for a 2-component system

Gibbs Phase Rule

We can simplify the two equations for the variance:

v=2+cp
where: v = variance (degree of freedom) c = no. of component/s p = no. of phases

Gibbs Phase Rule Gibbs phase rule is an important tool in the analysis of systems with several phases and one or more components.

Gibbs Phase Rule Gibbs phase rule is an important tool in the analysis of systems with several phases and one or more components.

Given the heat capacity of liquid heptane at various temperatures. How many intensive properties of liquid heptane can be independently specified at 5 C and 1 atm?
Temp. (C) Pressure (atm) Density (kg/m3) Volume (m3/kg) Internal Energy (kJ/kg) Enthalpy (kJ/kg) Entropy (J/g*K) Cv (J/g*K) Cp (J/g*K)

698.87

0.0014309

-226.32

-226.18

-0.70175

1.6984

2.159

3
4 5 6 7 8

1
1 1 1 1 1

698.04
697.2 696.37 695.54 694.7 693.87

0.0014326
0.0014343 0.001436 0.0014377 0.0014395 0.0014412

-224.16
-222 -219.83 -217.66 -215.48 -213.31

-224.01
-221.85 -219.68 -217.51 -215.34 -213.16

-0.69391
-0.68609 -0.67828 -0.67049 -0.66272 -0.65496

1.7016
1.7048 1.7080 1.7112 1.7144 1.7177

2.1624
2.1657 2.1690 2.1724 2.1758 2.1792

Problem 1.12
Given the heat capacity of liquid heptane at various temperatures. How many intensive properties of liquid heptane can be independently specified at 5 C and 1 atm?

c = 1 (heptane) p = 1 (liquid) v=2+11 = 2

Note: We only need 2 intensive properties to completely describe the state of the system

Problem 1.13
Determine the number of components in a mixture of H2(g), O2(g) and H2O(g)? If pure a mixture of gases, c = 3 If a mixture was due to equilibration of gases, c = 2 If the mixture was produced due to decomposition, c = 1