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Chapter 13
Radiate Animals
Phylum Cnidaria
All animals except sponges belong to the clade Eumetazoa, the animals with true tissues.
Phylum Cnidaria
Phylum Cnidaria
Cnidarians have:
Radial symmetry Gastrovascular cavity extracellular digestion Tissues derived from two embryonic germ layers Cnidocytes special cells with stinging organelles called nematocysts.
Phylum Cnidaria
Cnidarians have diversified into a wide range of both sessile and floating forms including jellies, corals, and hydras.
Polymorphism some species exist as both polyps and medusae during their life cycles.
Phylum Cnidaria
The basic body plan of a cnidarian is a sac with a central digestive compartment, the gastrovascular cavity.
Phylum Cnidaria
In colonial forms that share a gastrovascular cavity, polyps may be specialized for feeding, reproduction, or defense.
Body Wall
Cnidarians have an outer tissue layer, the epidermis, derived from ectoderm, and an inner gastrodermis, derived from endoderm, with jellylike mesoglea in between.
Body Wall
The epidermal layer contains several types of cells organized into tissues.
Reproduction
Reproduction
Cnidarians, typically medusae, can also reproduce sexually. A zygote usually develops into a motile planula larva. Some species only exist as polyps, others only as medusae, others alternate between the two.
Feeding
Cnidarians are carnivores that use tentacles to capture prey. The tentacles are armed with cnidocytes unique cells that function in defense and the capture of prey.
Feeding
Feeding
Extracellular digestion begins in the gastrovascular cavity, but is completed within the cells of the gastrodermis. Some cnidarians supplement their diet with nutrients collected from algal symbionts (zooxanthellae).
Nerve Net
No advantage for radially symmetrical animals where stimuli approach from all sides.
Classification
Classification
Phylum Cnidaria
Class Staurozoa
No medusa stage. Solitary polyp body that is stalked. Uses adhesive disk to attach to seaweeds, and objects on sea bottom. Polyp top resembles a medusa with eight extensions (arms) ending in tentacle clusters surrounding mouth. Reproduce sexually.
Class Hydrozoa
Hydrozoans are variable in form. Mostly marine. Usually colonial, sometimes solitary.
Typical hydroids have a base, a stalk, and one or more terminal zooids (individual polyp animals).
Obelia
Ectopleura
Hydroid medusae are usually smaller than those in the class Scyphozoa.
Gastrovascular cavity is continuous from mouth to tentacles and is lined by gastrodermis. Velum, inward projection of the bell, is present. Statocysts equilibrium Ocelli light sensitive
Specialized organs:
Class Hydrozoa
Members of the order Siphonophora, such as the Portuguese man-ofwar, are actually colonies of polyp individuals.
One polyp may be gas filled and used as a float. Feeding polyps each with one long tentacle Reproductive polyps
Class Hydrozoa
Class Scyphozoa
In the class Scyphozoa, jellies (medusae) are the prevalent form of the life cycle.
No velum present. Rhopalium sense organ containing statocysts and sometimes ocelli.
Class Scyphozoa
Tentacles around the periphery of the bell contain nematocysts used to paralyze prey animals. In the center are four frilly oral arms used to capture and ingest prey.
Planula larvae develop into a polyp-like form. Saucer-like buds called ephyrae are produced by strobilation.
Class Cubozoa
In the class Cubozoa, which includes box jellies and sea wasps, the medusa is boxshaped and has complex eyes. Polyps are tiny and develop directly into medusae.
Class Cubozoa
Class Anthozoa
Class Anthozoa includes the corals and sea anemones which occur only as polyps no medusa stage. All marine Solitary or colonial
Found in coastal waters all around the world. Attach to rocks using their pedal disc. Feed on fish or any other food of suitable size.
Sea anemones usually move by gliding slowly along on their pedal discs. When a predator approaches, most withdraw. Stomphia detaches its disc and swims away.
Tentacles arranged around the central mouth. The gastrovascular cavity is divided into six radial chambers.
Mutualisms
Sea anemones sometimes harbor zooxanthellae (photosynthetic protists) like hard corals do. Some crabs will decorate their shells with anemones.
Mutualisms
Fish gains protection from living in the anemone. The fish may help ventilate the anemone, or keep it free of sediment.
Hexacorallian Corals
Hexacorallian corals (Order Scleractinia) are the true or stony corals. Like tiny anemones living in calcareous cups.
Hexacorallian Corals
Hexacorallians (Subclass Hexacorallia) have a gastrovascular cavity subdivided by septa in multiples of six. The calcium carbonate skeleton is secreted below living tissue.
Hexacorallian Corals
Members of subclass Ceriantipatharia. Have coupled but unpaired septa. Tube anemones
Octocorallian Corals
Members of the Subclass Octocorallia have eight pinnate tentacles and eight septa.
Octocorallian Corals
Sea fans, sea pens & sea pansies belong to this group. Often beautifully colored.
Phylum Cnidaria
Cnidaria Medusozoa Anthozoa Staurozoa Scyphozoa Cubozoa Hydrozoa
Gut with septal filament s Siphonoglyph Anthozo an pharynx Hexaradial and octaradial symmetry
Strobilation
Complex eyes Velarium Boxlike medusa body Rhopalium Polyp reduced or lost
Trachylinelike hydrozoa
Hydroids
Man-of-war
Other hydrozoa
Polyp lost
Velum in medusae Medusae produced by lateral Medusoid body formbudding and entocodon Motor nerve net
Primary polyp tentacles hollow Mouth surrounded by solid tentacles Planula larva Cnidocytes Radial, polypoid body form
Coral Reefs
Coral reefs are one of the most productive and diverse ecosystems on Earth. Found in shallow tropical seas.
Coral Reefs
The main structure of the reef is calcium carbonate secreted by hermatypic (reefbuilding) corals and coralline algae.
Coral Reefs
Octocorallian corals and some hydrozoans (those known as fire coral) also contribute calcium carbonate.
Types of Reefs
Types of Reefs
Barrier reefs run parallel to shore and have a wide, deep lagoon.
Types of Reefs
Types of Reefs
Reef Zones
The fore reef slope, or reef front, is the side that faces the sea.
The reef crest is the shallow or even slightly emergent top of the reef. The reef flat is the shallow back reef area that slopes into the lagoon.
Coral Reefs
Nutrients from fertilizer and sewage threaten coral reefs with excessive algal growth. Coral reefs in many areas are threatened by factors mostly of human origin. Higher atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (from burning hydrocarbon fuels) tends to acidify ocean water, which makes precipitation of CaCO3 by corals more difficult metabolically.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QAaRJKKTOys
Coral Reefs
Warmer water damages the photosynthetic mechanism in zooxanthellae. Coral tissues turn white and brittle, this is called coral bleaching. Zooxanthellae die or are expelled by corals.
Phylum Ctenophora
Phylum Ctenophora
Phylogeny
Cnidarians may have evolved from a radially symmetrical planula-like ancestor. Trichocysts and toxicysts found in some ciliates may be precursors to nematocysts.