MATERI PHONOLOGY

WHAT IS PHONOLGY AND PHONETICS?

Phonology is the scientific study of phonemes, how to produce, transmit, and receive of speech sounds Phonetics: concerns with describing the speech sounds that occur in the languages f the world

 Phoneme is the smallest unit of sounds that can bring about a change of meaning Minimal pairs are two utterances distinguished by a single contrast Segmental Phonemes (Vowels and Consonants).. Supra segmental Phonemes

SPEECH ORGANS

UVULA, HARD PALATE, SOFT PALATE

SPEECH ORGANS

Alat-alat ucap
Upper lip Lower lip Upper teeth Lower teeth Tip of the tongue Blade of the tongue Front of the tongue Centre of the tongue

Back of the tongue Hard palate Soft palate/velum Uvula Alveolar ridge/gumridge/teethridge Nasal cavity Oral cavity Pharyngeal cavity

Pharynx Epiglottis Vocal cords Larynx Root

ENGLISH VOWELS

Vowels
Vowels are sounds when we produce them without any obstruction the mouth Consonants are sounds when we produce them with an obstruction in the oral cavity

MINIMAL PAIRS
"A minimal pair is a pair of words that differ in a single phoneme. Minimal pairs are often used to show that two sounds contrast in a language. For example, we can demonstrate that [s] and [z] contrast in English by adducing minimal pairs such as sip and zip, or bus and buzz. Since the only difference in these words is the [s] vs. [z], we conclude that they belong to distinct phonemes. However, a similar test would show that [a:j] and [Aj] are distinct phonemes in English, since writer and rider appear to be minimal pairs distinguished in their second elements, not their fourth." (James Alasdair McGilvray, The Cambridge Companion to Chomsky. Cambridge Univ. Press, 2005)

EXAMPLES OF MINIMALS PAIRS

HIT HID CHIP CHEAP RAN RAIN NECK KNOCK THUMB SOME WISH WITCH ROT LOT RHYME TIME ZEAL - SEAL

VOWELS
LONG AND SHORT VOWELS OPEN, HALF OPEN CLOSE, HALF CLOSE TENSE, LAX ROUNDED, UNROUNDED/SPREAD FRONT, BACK

DIPHTHONG
A diphthong (double vowels/bunyi rangkap) also known as a gliding vowel, refers to two adjacent vowel sounds occurring within the same syllable
(A syllable is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds-for example, the word water is composed of two syllables: wa and ter).

Vowel Diphthongs

CLOSING AND CENTERING

In closing diphthongs, the second element is more close than the first (e.g. [ai]); Closing diphthongs tend to be falling ([ai])

A centering diphthong is one that begins with a more peripheral vowel and ends with a more central one, such as [], [], and [] in Received Pronunciation or [i] and [u] in Irish. Many centering diphthongs are also opening diphthongs ([i], [u]).

CLOSING AND CENTERING

closing diphthongs

centering diphthong

Centering diphthongs
They end with a glide towards the central vowel //: -// The glide begins with a tongue position that is taken for /I/ and moves in the direction of //. It is found in the words like "beer, fear".

-// It glides from a tongue position that is used for // toward the more open type //. It appears in the words "sure, tour".
-/ e/ Its glide begins in the half open front position and moves in the direction of more open variety of //. For example, "chair, stare.

Closing diphthongs
They end with a glide towards /i/ or towards / /: -/ei/ The glide begins at a point behind the front open position and moves in direction of the position of / i/. We find it in the words "say, weigh".
-// The glide begins with tongue position that is for // and moves in the direction of /i/, as in "toy, enjoy".

-/ai/ The glide begins at a point slightly behind the front open position, and moves in the direction of the position associated with /i/. It occurs in words such as "high, buy".

Closing diphthongs
They end with a glide towards /i/ or towards / /:
-// Its glide begins at a central position of // and moves in the direction of the / /. It appears in the words "go, hello". -/a/ The glide starts at a point between the back and front open position, and moves in the direction of the //. As in "house, now, found".

TRIPHTHONG
a union of three vowels (letters or sounds) pronounced in one syllable (as in fire, power), or three vowel characters representing the sound of a single vowel (as in b eau). or A combination of three vowel sounds in a single syllable, forming a simple or compound sound; also, a union of three vowel characters, representing together a single sound; a trigraph; eye, -ieu in adieu, -eau in beau.

TRIPHTHONG
Peter Roach (English Phonetics and Phonology, 4th ed., CUP 2009, p. 1819) puts it like this: The most complex English sounds of the vowel type are the triphthongs. They can be rather difficult to pronounce, and very difficult to recognise. A triphthong is a glide from one vowel to another and then to a third, all produced rapidly and without interruption. He lists the triphthongs e, a, , , a (later giving the example words

layer, player; liar, fire; loyal, royal; lower, mower; power, hour) and continues

TRIPHTHONG
The most complex English vowel-type sounds A glide from one vowel to another and then to a third one

Produced rapidly and without interruption

Composed of: closing diphthongs + //

/e/ layer

/a/ liar

// royal

// lower

/a/ + // hour

Place of articulation
Bilabial: two lips Labio dental: lower lip and upper front teeth Dental: tongue tip or blade and upper front teeth Alveolar: tongue tip or blade and the alveolar ridge/t, d, n, l, s, z, r/ Retroflex: tip of the tongue and back of the alveolar ridge /r/ Palato alveolar: tongue blade and the back of alveolar ridge / sh/ Palatal: front of tongue and hard palate: you Velar: back of the tongue and soft palate

Manner of articulation
Plosive or stop: completely closed by two articulators, nasal cavity also closed, suddenly released causing an explosive sound Affricate: the same as above but released gradually Fricative: partially obstructed, narrow space for air, forced to go out causing friction sound Nasal: the air passage is completely closed, air free through the nose Lateral: tip of the tongue against the teeth ridge, the air goes out through the sides of the tongue

CONSONANTS
VOICED CONSONANTS VOICELESS CONSONANTS ASPIRATED AND UNASPIRATED CONSONATS PLACE AND MANNER OF ARTICULATION