Wireless Transmission

The Electromagnetic Spectrum Radio Transmission Microwave Transmission Infrared and Millimeter Waves Lightwave Transmission

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

The electromagnetic spectrum and its uses for communication.

Radio Transmission

(a) In the VLF, LF, and MF bands, radio waves follow the curvature of the earth. (b) In the HF band, they bounce off the ionosphere.

Politics of the Electromagnetic Spectrum

The ISM bands in the United States.

Four possibilities to consider: analog data via analog transmission as is (e.g., radio) analog data via digital transmission sampling (e.g., voice, audio, video) digital data via analog transmission broadband & wireless digital data via digital transmission baseband (e.g., Ethernet)

 Common to both: 1)problem of attenuation. 2)decrease in signal strength as a function of distance.

 Increase strength of signal via amplifiers (analog) and repeaters(digital).

 Analog transmission of digital data : Three pieces of information to manipulate: amplitude , frequency , phase. 1. Amplitude modulation (AM): encode bits using amplitude levels. 2. Frequency modulation (FM): encode bits using frequency differences. 3. Phase modulation (PM): encode bits using phase shifts

Bit Rate and Baud Rate

Bit rate is the number of bits per second. Baud rate is the number of signal elements per second.

AM with 8 levels or PM with 9 phases and if baud rate is 20 signals per seconds then find out bit rate of the AM or PM

 Bit Rate(N)=Sxr Here S is number of signal per seconds r is the number of data elements or bits in one signal Here r=Log2L. Here L is number of levels or phases or number of frequency.

 An analog signal carries 4 bits per signal element. If 1000 signal elements are sent per second, find the bit rate.

 Amplitude Shift Keying In amplitude shift keying, the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied to create signal elements. Both frequency and phase remain constant while the amplitude changes.

 We have an available bandwidth of 100 kHz which spans from 200 to 300 kHz. What are the carrier frequency and the bit rate if we modulated our data by using ASK with d =I?

 Frequency Shift Keying In frequency shift keying, the frequency of the carrier signal is varied to represent data. The frequency of the modulated signal is constant for the duration of one signal element, but changes for the next signal element if the data element changes. Both peak amplitude and phase remain constant for all signal elements.

 We have an available bandwidth of 100 kHz which spans from 200 to 300 kHz. What should be the carrier frequency and the bit rate if we modulated our data by using FSK with d =1?

 Phase Shift Keying In phase shift keying, the phase of the carrier is varied to represent two or more different signal elements. Both peak amplitude and frequency remain constant as the phase changes.