The Scope of Nursing Research :

Deciding What to Study

Disampaikan oleh : Yati Sri Hayati Nursing Research JK FKUB

Class Objectives :

After completing this class, the student should be able to :

Recall and state the definitions of nursing and nursing paradigm Discuss the Scope of Nursing Research Discuss the Sources of Research Topics Choose a Topic for Nursing Research Discuss About the Research Problem

Defining Nursing
From Latin noun, nutrix, nursing mother Or verb, nutrire, to suckle and nourish/nurture ANA, 1980 : Nursing is the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health problems. ANA, 1995 : Stresses that nurses provide care that promotes well being in both healthy & ill people, individually or in groups & communities.

Paradigm of Nursing
HUMAN

NURSING

HEALTH

ENVIRONMENT

The Scope of Nursing Research

Fundamental of nursing Nursing Practice Nursing Profession Delivery of Nursing Services Nursing Education Utilization
(The Divison of Nursing Bereau of Health Proffession, 1983)

Lingkup Penelitian Keperawatan

A. Ilmu Keperawatan Dasar B. Ilmu Keperawatan Manajemen Keperawatan C. Ilmu Keperawatan Anak D. Ilmu Keperawatan Maternitas E. Ilmu Keperawatan Medikal Bedah & Gawat Darurat F. Ilmu Keperawatan Jiwa G. Ilmu Keperawatan Komunitas, Keluarga, & Gerontik

(Nursalam, 2003)

Sources of Research Topics

Observed discrepancies (the difference between the way things are and the way they ought to be) in nursing practice Common patterns of phenomena across clinical situations

Testing folk wisdom.

Understanding phenomenon from the insiders perspective

Sources of Research Topics (contd)

Tackling current issues (eg.expanded roles for nurses) Inconsistencies in the literature Testing relationships between variables predicted in a theory Exploring variations in a dependent variable (here the goal is to understand the factors influencing the dependent variable) Evaluation of a nursing intervention or policy Replicating a study

What is a Research Problem ?

A situation or circumstance that requires a solution to be described, explained, or predicted, or A discrepancy between the way things are and the way they ought to be, or A knowledge gap in an area that needs to be investigated The problem is related to but different from the research topic and the purpose

Non Researchable Problems

Not all problems of interest to nurses are researchable Value questions or questions that involve choosing a moral course of action are not researchable

Process of Limiting the Problem

review the literature talk to those in the field who have experienced the problem eliminate all the unrelated information so that a clear.

Terminology

Research Problem identifies what is problematic about the topic

Problem Statement elaborates on the research problem

Research Topic is simply a broad area of interest for investigation.

Examples
Research Topic : Accidental Falls in the Elderly Research Problem : Type of elderly who sustain falls versus those who do not Research Purpose : The purpose of this study is to extend knowledge beyond the known risk factors of age & diagnosis by comparing the characteristics of elderly who fell while hospitalized with a group matched for age & diagnosis who did not fall

Example of Problem Statement - Declarative Falls are the most frequent cause of accidents in the hospital
setting (Catchen, 1983)... and may be a primary reason for placement in nursing homes. The proportion of falls resulting in a fracture is low (5%) but the additional costs of treatment may be high. The literature consistently identifies age and medical diagnosis as risk factors. Most research has examined only characteristics of fallers and not compared characteristics of fallers and non fallers. The purpose of this study is to extend knowledge beyond known risk factors of age and diagnosis by com paring characteristics of hospitalized adults who fell with a group matched on age & diagnosis who did not fall.

Suggested Readings
Institute of Medicine. 1995. Nursing, Health, and the Environment : Chapter 5 ; Nursing Research,(online), (http://books.nap.edu/books/ 030905298X/html/103.html, diakses 28 Februari 2004) Nursalam. 2003. Konsep dan Penerapan Metodologi Penelitian Ilmu Jakarta : Penerbit Salemba Medika. Hal : 61 75.

Keperawatan : Pedoman Skripsi, Tesis dan Instrumen Penelitian Keperawatan.

Oermann, M. H. 1997. Professional Nursing Practice. Stamford : Appleton & Lange. p : 232 - 251 Polit, D. F. Hungler, B. P. 1999. Nursing Research : Principles and Metods. 6th ed. Philadelphia : J. B. Lipincott. p : 3 - 22 The National Academy of Sciences. 2000. Chapter 6 : Nursing Research, (online), (http://books.nap.edu/books/NI000283/ html/ 131.html, diakses 28 Februari 2004) Tim Metodologi Fakultas Kedokteran. 2003. Dasar-dasar Metode Penelitian Keperawatan. Buku Diktat PSIK FK Unbraw. Tidak diterbitkan. Malang

TUGAS
Tugas di kelas (kelompok) :
1. Bentuk kelompok berdasarkan ruang lingkup keperawatan 2. Diskusikan tentang topik-topik penelitian keperawatan dalam tiap-tiap kelompok sesuai ruang lingkup keperawatan
1. Tugas baca : minimal referensi yang disarankan 2. Identifikasi topik-topik penelitian sesuai lingkup masalah penelitian kep. yg diminati sbg bahan perkuliahan topik : Identifikasi dan Perumusan Masalah Penelitian Keperawatan

Tugas di rumah (individu) :