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Rates of Reaction
Chem 132 NT
Chemistry 132 NT (First Exam)
Chapter 13: Reaction Rates Chapter 14: Chemical Equilibrium Chapter 15: Acids and Bases Each chapter broken into modules (3 or 4) Tutorial quiz at end of each module Homework assignment for each module
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Tips
Keep your text book handy. After this presentation, read sections 13.1-13.3. Take the tutorial quiz. Pace yourself.
Reaction Rates
Chemical reactions require varying lengths of time for completion.
This reaction rate depends on the characteristics of the reactants and products and the conditions under which the reaction is run. (see Fig. 13.1) By understanding how the rate of a reaction is affected by changing conditions, one can learn the details of what is happening at the molecular level.
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Reaction Rates
The questions posed in this chapter will be:
What conditions will affect the rate of a reaction? How is the rate of a reaction measured? How do you express the relationship of rate to the variables affecting the rate? What happens on a molecular level during a chemical reaction?
Reaction Rates
Chemical kinetics is the study of reaction rates, how reaction rates change under varying conditions, and what molecular events occur during the overall reaction. What variables affect reaction rate?
Concentration of reactants.
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Reaction Rates
Chemical kinetics is the study of reaction rates, how reaction rates change under varying conditions, and what molecular events occur during the overall reaction. What variables affect reaction rate?
Concentration of a catalyst.
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Reaction Rates
Chemical kinetics is the study of reaction rates, how reaction rates change under varying conditions, and what molecular events occur during the overall reaction. What variables affect reaction rate?
Temperature at which the reaction occurs.
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Reaction Rates
Chemical kinetics is the study of reaction rates, how reaction rates change under varying conditions, and what molecular events occur during the overall reaction. What variables affect reaction rate?
Surface area of a solid reactant or catalyst.
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Reaction Rates
Chemical kinetics is the study of reaction rates, how reaction rates change under varying conditions, and what molecular events occur during the overall reaction. What variables affect reaction rate?
Lets look at each in more detail.
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2H 2O 2( aq ) 2 H 2O ( l ) O 2 ( g )
HBr ( aq )
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A catalyst speeds up reactions by reducing the activation energy needed for successful reaction. A catalyst may also provide an alternative mechanism, or pathway, that results in a faster rate.
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The hydrogen peroxide decomposes rapidly when hydrobromic acid is added to produce oxygen gas bubbles and the red color of Br2.
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Very finely divided cellulose ignites easily to produce a yellow flame. The powder has a large surface area per volume and burns rapidly in air.
Summary
Concentration of reactants Concentration of catalysts Temperature of reaction Surface area of solid reactants and catalysts
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It can also be expressed as the decrease in molar concentration of a reactant per unit time.
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D[O 2 ]
In the reaction
2N 2O5 (g ) 4NO2 (g ) O 2 (g )
The concentration of O2 increases over time. You obtain the instantaneous rate from the slope of the tangent at the point of the curve corresponding to that time.
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When the time changes from 600 s to 1200 s, the average rate is 2.5 x 10-6 mol/(L.s). Later when the time changes from 4200 s to 4800 s, the average rate has slowed to 5 x 10-7 mol/(L.s). Thus, the rate of a reaction decreases as the reaction proceeds.
D[O 2 ] 1 2 Dt
D[N 2O 5 ] Dt
)
2
Since two moles of N2O5 decompose for each mole of O2 formed, the rate of decomposition of N2O5 is twice the rate of the formation of O2. 2N O (g ) 4NO (g ) O (g )
2 5 2
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A Problem to Consider
Consider the reaction of nitrogen dioxide with fluorine to give nitryl fluoride.
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A Problem to Consider
Consider the reaction of nitrogen dioxide with fluorine to give nitryl fluoride.
A Problem to Consider
Consider the reaction of nitrogen dioxide with fluorine to give nitryl fluoride.
A Problem to Consider
Consider the reaction of nitrogen dioxide with fluorine to give nitryl fluoride.
1 2
D[NO2F] D[F2 ] Dt Dt
(see Exercise 13.1 and Problem 13.31)
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A Problem to Consider
Calculate the average rate of decomposition of N2O5, -D[N2O5]/Dt, by the reaction
A Problem to Consider
Calculate the average rate of decomposition of N2O5, -D[N2O5]/Dt, by the reaction
A Problem to Consider
Calculate the average rate of decomposition of N2O5, -D[N2O5]/Dt, by the reaction
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A Problem to Consider
Calculate the average rate of decomposition of N2O5, -D[N2O5]/Dt, by the reaction
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A Problem to Consider
Calculate the average rate of decomposition of N2O5, -D[N2O5]/Dt, by the reaction
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Summary
Using stoichiometry to relate the disappearance of reactants to the appearance of products. Calculating the average rate of a reaction over a given amount of time.
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2N 2O5 (g ) 4NO2 (g ) O 2 (g )
Manometer readings provide the concentration of N2O5 during the course of the reaction based on partial pressures
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Figure 13.6 An experiment to follow the concentration of N2O5 as the decomposition proceeds
2NO2 (g ) F2 (g ) 2NO2F(g )
The rate of this reaction has been observed to be directly proportional to the concentration of nitrogen dioxide.
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aA bB dD eE
C
C catalyst
n p
The exponents m, n, and p are frequently, but not always, integers. They must be determined experimentally and cannot be obtained by simply looking at the balanced equation.
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2NO(g ) 2H 2 (g ) N 2 (g ) 2H 2O(g )
The experimentally determined rate law is
Rate k[NO] [H 2 ]
2
Thus, the reaction is second order in NO, first order in H2, and third order overall.
(see Exercise 13.3 and Problems 13.39 and 13.41)
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2NO(g ) 2H 2 (g ) N 2 (g ) 2H 2O(g )
The experimentally determined rate law is
Rate k[NO] [H 2 ]
2
x2
x2
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2NO(g ) 2H 2 (g ) N 2 (g ) 2H 2O(g )
The experimentally determined rate law is
Rate k[NO] [H 2 ]
2
x4
(x 2)2
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A Problem To Consider
Iodide ion is oxidized in acidic solution to triiodate ion, I3- , by hydrogen peroxide.
A Problem To Consider
Initial Concentrations (mol/L) H2O2 IH+ Initial Rate [mol/(L.s)] 0.010 0.010 0.00050 1.15 x 10-6 0.020 0.010 0.00050 2.30 x 10-6 0.010 0.020 0.00050 2.30 x 10-6 0.010 0.010 0.00100 1.15 x 10-6
Comparing Experiment 1 and Experiment 2, you see that when the H2O2 concentration doubles (with other concentrations constant), the rate doubles. This implies a first order dependence with respect to H2O2.
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A Problem To Consider
Initial Concentrations (mol/L) H2O2 IH+ Initial Rate [mol/(L.s)] 0.010 0.010 0.00050 1.15 x 10-6 0.020 0.010 0.00050 2.30 x 10-6 0.010 0.020 0.00050 2.30 x 10-6 0.010 0.010 0.00100 1.15 x 10-6
Comparing Experiment 1 and Experiment 3, you see that when the I- concentration doubles (with other concentrations constant), the rate doubles. This implies a first order dependence with respect to I-.
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A Problem To Consider
Initial Concentrations (mol/L) H2O2 IH+ Initial Rate [mol/(L.s)] 0.010 0.010 0.00050 1.15 x 10-6 0.020 0.010 0.00050 2.30 x 10-6 0.010 0.020 0.00050 2.30 x 10-6 0.010 0.010 0.00100 1.15 x 10-6
Comparing Experiment 1 and Experiment 4, you see that when the H+ concentration doubles (with other concentrations constant), the rate is unchanged. This implies a zero order dependence with respect to H+.
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A Problem To Consider
Initial Concentrations (mol/L) H2O2 IH+ Initial Rate [mol/(L.s)] 0.010 0.010 0.00050 1.15 x 10-6 0.020 0.010 0.00050 2.30 x 10-6 0.010 0.020 0.00050 2.30 x 10-6 0.010 0.010 0.00100 1.15 x 10-6
A Problem To Consider
Initial Concentrations (mol/L) H2O2 IH+ Initial Rate [mol/(L.s)] 0.010 0.010 0.00050 1.15 x 10-6 0.020 0.010 0.00050 2.30 x 10-6 0.010 0.020 0.00050 2.30 x 10-6 0.010 0.010 0.00100 1.15 x 10-6
You can now calculate the rate constant by substituting values from any of the experiments. Using Experiment 1 you obtain:
mol mol mol 1.15 10 k 0.010 0.010 Ls L L
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A Problem To Consider
Initial Concentrations (mol/L) H2O2 IH+ Initial Rate [mol/(L.s)] 0.010 0.010 0.00050 1.15 x 10-6 0.020 0.010 0.00050 2.30 x 10-6 0.010 0.020 0.00050 2.30 x 10-6 0.010 0.010 0.00100 1.15 x 10-6
You can now calculate the rate constant by substituting values from any of the experiments. Using Experiment 1 you obtain: 1.15 106 s 1 k 1.2 102 L /(mol s ) 0.010 0.010 mol / L
(see Exercise 13.4 and Problems 13.43, 13.45, and 13.47)
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Homework
Chapter 13 Homework: collected at the first exam. Review Questions: 1, 6, 7. Problems: 23, 37, 39, 43, 45.
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Operational Skills
Relating the different ways of expressing reaction rates Calculating the average reaction rate Determining the order of reaction from the rate law Determining the rate law from initial rates
Time for a few review questions.
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