Professional Documents
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About the typical hardware components of a network How several popular network architectures manage data traffic How data is transmitted over several interconnected networks How communications layers and their protocols are used on a network
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About many of the popular applications used on a network How to connect to a network using a modem and a phone line About the Internet and how to support PCs connected to the Internet
An Overview of Networking
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A means of connecting computers together so they can share data (files and programs) and resources (printers and modems) Network hardware and network software Terminology
Node Packet or frame Header Trailer
Application layer
Interfaces with the user or application using the network
Presentation layer
Compresses and decompresses data and interfaces with the application layer and the session layer
Session layer
Makes and manages a connection between two nodes of the network
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Transport layer
Verifies data and requests a resend when the data is corrupted
Network layer
Routs packets
Data-link layer
Disassembles packets and reassembles data into packets
Physical layer
Interfaces with the network media (cabling)
Data Frames
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Network Architectures
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Networks
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Network types
LAN WAN Internetwork
Ethernet
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Most popular network topology Configured as either a bus or a star A passive network (the computers, not dedicated network devices, drive the signals over the network) Contention-based system (each computer contends for the opportunity to transmit on the network)
Ethernet
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Ethernet
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Multiple access
Many computers use the same network
Collision detection
Each computer must detect and manage collisions
Can use any one of six cabling systems Two most popular
10BaseT 10Base2 (Thinnet)
10BaseT Networks
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Thinnet Networks
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Token Ring
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Can use UTP or STP cables that have 2 twisted pairs for a total of 4 wires in the cable
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FDDI
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Does not require a centralized hub, making it both a logical and physical ring Often used as a backbone network (links several networks together) Often uses fiber-optic cabling
FDDI
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FDDI
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Networking Hardware
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Hubs
Provide centralized location for nodes to connect on a star network
A network adapter board that plugs into a computers system board and provides a port on the back of the card to connect a PC to a network Requires an IRQ, an I/O address, and, for DOS and Windows 9x real mode, upper memory addresses
Combo Card
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Devices used to connect networks and network segments to each other Main reasons for internetworking
Extend geographical area past what a single LAN can support Decrease traffic on a single LAN by dividing the LAN into more than one network
Bridge
Hardware device, coupled with software at the data-link layer, used to connect similar networks and network segments
Router
Transfers a packet to other networks only when the packet is addressed to a station outside its network
Gateway
Device or process that connects networks with different protocols
Network Protocol
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TCP/IP
Supports the internet
IPX/SPX protocol
Used by Novell NetWare for LANs
Network Protocol
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NetBEUI protocol
Proprietary Microsoft networking protocol used only by Windows-based systems, and limited to LANs because it does not support routing
Protocols to communicate with their counterpart services on the receiving node of the network
Examples: SMTP, HTTP, FTP
Network Services
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Web browsers Chat rooms E-mail FTP Telnet Print services Network drive
Peer-to-peer network
Users at each workstation can use shared printers and files on each others computers Services are often limited to FTP, print services, and network drives
Dedicated-server network
Has at least one computer, or server, on the network that serves the other computers on the network
Peer-to-Peer Network
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Dedicated-Server Network
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Allows a PC to remotely connect to a network through a phone line Uses PPP to send packets of data over phone lines
Dial-Up Adapter
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Installing an NIC under Windows NT Installing an NIC under Windows 9x Using resources on a network
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Verify that the PC is network-ready Log off the network Save network files and parameters to disk Disconnect network cable and repair the PC Restore network configurations Reconnect PC to the network Verify that network resources are available to the PC
Internet
The worldwide collection of over a million hosts that can communicate with each other using TCP/IP A web of interconnecting, yet independent, networks
IP Addresses
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Divided into three classes based on number of possible IP addresses in each network within each class
Classes of IP Addresses
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Reserved IP Addresses
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Dynamic IP address
An assigned IP address used for current session only When session is terminated, IP address is returned to the list of available addresses
Domain Names
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Unique, text-based name that identifies an Internet address Typical endings in the United States: .edu, .gov, .com, .org, .net Also include a country code
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TCP/IP uses routers to transfer packets of data (datagrams) from network to network in such a way that the overall transmission makes all these networks appear to be one large network Each protocol of the CCP/IP suite performs a single task
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Subnet
Division of a large network, consisting of smaller separate networks, each assigned a logical network IP name
Subnet mask
Defines which portion of the host address within an IP address is being borrowed to define separate subnets within a network
Classless Addresses
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Class C network addresses that a service provider owns and then subleases to small companies
Classless Addresses
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Static routing
Routing tables dont automatically change and must be manually edited
Dynamic routing
Routing tables are automatically updated as new information about routes becomes known and is shared by one router with another
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Install and configure the modem Configure Dial-Up Adapter Configure Dial-Up Networking Install applications software to use the Internet
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Most function at top three layers of the OSI model -- application, presentation, and session layers Must be a program running on both nodes of the network for the service to work
Upper-Level Protocols
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Provide interface between Web sites and PCs Access a server by either its IP address or its domain name Use HTTP to request and pass documents on the Web Terminology
Hypertext HTML
File Transfer
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One of most powerful and versatile methods of communicating over a network Uses network file service (NFS) software to make one PC appear to have a new hard drive Files and folders on host computer are available even to network-unaware DOS applications
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Chapter Summary
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Fundamentals of the hardware and software that make up networks How to support a PC that interfaces with the Internet