Reproductores de imgenes de pozo & Aplicaciones

Xavier Goddyn -Schlumberger PCE

Lima- 2004

Presentacion de agenda
Herramienta de revisin de imgenes

Principios Reproductores de imgenes

Descripcin del uso & Respuestas de productos geologicos.

Lima- 2004

Imagenes de pozo
Schlumberger Dipmeters: Resistividad : SHDT/HDT Induccion : OBDT Schlumberger Imagenes: Resistividad : FMI/FMS , ARI, RAB* Densidad : ADN.* Acustico : UBI/BHTV

Induccion* : OBMI
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Formacion de Micro Imagenes

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Formacin de Micro Imagenes

Lima- 2004

Empinado Planar en Camaras transversales

Lima- 2004

Vugs

Lima- 2004

Imagenes de pozo ultra Sonico

R T Transit Time
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amplitude
100

20 Time

UBI vs FMI

Lima- 2004

OBMI Aceite Base barro Micro Imagenes

AC corriente inyectada en los extremos de la almohadilla Fluido de la perforacin resistente centra actual Medida dV entre pares de botn en el centro Quantitative resistivity =k dV/I

Lima- 2004

OBMI vs. Nucleo

Lima- 2004

RAB/GEOVISION

En Poca Resistividad

Lima- 2004

RAB/GEOVISION

En Poca Resistividad

3 Electrodos 1 inch Diameter 56 Sectores (cada 6 grados) Resolucin est directamente relacionada con - Tasa de penetracin (Depende a la Litologia) - Tasa de Rotacion

0.5 Inch < Resolucion < a pocos metros

Magnetometro - > En tiempo real de imagen
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GeoVISION Resistividad
Aziumtal Resistividad para el Analisis Geologico

Lima- 2004

ADN

Azimutal herramienta de DensidadNeutrn

ADN475 & ADN675 Fuentes recuperables 4 Densidad & PEF Logs (Arriba - Abajo - Derecha Izquierda) Porosidad Densidad & PEF Imagenes (16 Sectores)

Lima- 2004

VISION Densidad Imagenes

Sensor: 1.5 Diametro Pulgada

16 Sectores (Cada 22 metros)

Densidad Resolucion < 1.5 pies PEF Resolucion < 6 Pulgadas Magnetometro - > Tiempo real de la imagen

Lima- 2004

LWD imagenes

Resistividad
Deep Medium Shallow

GR

Densidad

Pef

Ultrasonico

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Imagenes Resolucion

Lima- 2004

Sumergir presentacion
Dip presentation 0 10 20 30 60 90

Dip magnitude

Dip azimuth

Lima- 2004

Reproductores de imgenes de pozo Aplicaciones

Analisis Estructural
Estructuras sumergidas Fallas, Pliegues, Discordancias.

Evaluacion redmde fracturas

Tipo de fracturas Buzamientos

Geosteering

BH Stability -MEM
Borehole Stability Completion (perforation)

Depth matching, orientation & substitution of cores MDT sampling points

( @ well site)

Reservoir characterization

Reserves evaluation Reservoir mapping

Lima- 2004

reservoir distribution combined with seismic data gridding of structural map using dipmeter constraint facies correlation

facies description depositional environment sequence stratigraphy paleo-current analysis sand body geometry enhanced textural analysis secondary porosity evaluation thin bed analysis, sand - shale ra

SediView & Structview

Structural Analysis
structural dip faults, folds, unconformities

Fracture Network evaluation

fracture type strike and dip

BH Stability -MEM
Depth matching, orientation & substitution of cores MDT sampling points
( @ well site)
Borehole Stability Completion (perforation)

Reservoir characterization

Reserve estimation

Reservoir mapping
Lima- 2004

reservoir distribution combined with seismic data gridding of structural map using dipmeter constraint facies correlation

facies description depositional environment sequence stratigraphy paleo-current analysis sand body geometry enhanced textural analysis secondary porosity evaluation thin bed analysis, sand - shale ra

Dip computation Former approach :

4-6 deg to N-15

MSD File

5-10 deg to N+-10

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SediView* Accurate structural dip computation trough curvature

axis

Dip

Local Curv ature Axis

Lima- 2004

SediView* Accurate structural dip computation trough curvature

axis

Azimuth : 98 Dip : 9.6 Fit : 1.01

Unconformity

Lima- 2004

StructView*

-Structural cross section -

Lima- 2004
2
I nitial s

StructView*
section -

-Sedimentary & structural cross

30m. StructurDip al Dip

Lima- 2004

Borehole Imagers Applications

Structural Analysis
structural dip faults, folds, unconformities

Fracture Network evaluation

fracture type,faults.. strike and dip

BH Stability -MEM
Depth matching, orientation & substitution of cores MDT sampling points
( @ well site)
Borehole Stability Completion (perforation)

Reservoir characterization

Reserves evaluation

Reservoir mapping
Lima- 2004

reservoir distribution combined with seismic data gridding of structural map using dipmeter constraint facies correlation

facies description depositional environment sequence stratigraphy paleo-current analysis sand body geometry enhanced textural analysis secondary porosity evaluation thin bed analysis, sand - shale ra

BorView* Fracture identification & classification

Vuggy Dolomite

FRACTURE
VISUALISATION Vertical well

Lima- 2004

BorView* Fracture identification & classification

1m
Planar Dissolution enhanced Brecciated Induced
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1m
From S.Luthi

Layer bounded

Conductive zone

BorView* Fault identification & classification

Reverse Fault

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BorView*

Stylolite interpretation
Highly conductive and uneven surface surrounded by a high resistivity zone on each side @ 6487.5 ft. This feature is best interpreted as a sub-horizontal stylolite caused by dissolution and cementation due to the vertical overburden stress. This plane acts as a horizontal permeability barrier. Note the two conductive (opened) fractures that enhance the permeability in the NE-SW direction (below the stylolite)

Lima- 2004

Fracture aperture evaluation

Excess

Tool current Button resistivity

W Rxo b 1-b

Rm

W=c.A.Rm .Rxo
Bbl/day 1000

100 10

1
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.1

.2 .3 Aperture (mm)

Aperture and stresses

Fracture Aperture 180

sH

sh

90

50
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Dip

90

Borehole Imagers Applications

Structural Analysis
structural dip faults, folds, unconformities

Fracture Network evaluation

fracture type strike and dip

BH Stability -MEM
Depth matching, orientation & substitution of cores MDT sampling points
( @ well site)
Borehole Stability Completion (perforation)

Reservoir characterization

Reserves evaluation

Reservoir mapping
Lima- 2004

reservoir distribution combined with seismic data gridding of structural map using dipmeter constraint facies correlation

facies description depositional environment sequence stratigraphy paleo-current analysis sand body geometry enhanced textural analysis secondary porosity evaluation thin bed analysis, sand - shale ratio

Stress anisotropy.. ..key features

Breakouts Induced fracture Induced fractures Before and after fracking

Lima- 2004

Induced fracture

Lima- 2004

Borstress*
In vertical wells

Stress-induced features & stress tensor

-Breakouts & Induced fractures -> sh & sH orientation

In deviated wells -sh & sH orientation derived from at least 2 wells (Geometric aproach).

Lima- 2004

Borstress* In-situ Stress Solution from Example Breakouts

sH>sV>sh

Azimuth sh = 65o

Lima- 2004

Borehole stability approach

0 0

*
TH

SV

Sh Th

Stable
2.4

SH

Unstable

s3
0

Wells 0

* Measure s1
or assumption

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Optimize Perforation orientations according to the stress field

Perforation

In-situ stress tensor orientation from FMI For optimization of Oriented Perforations

Perforation

Maximum Horizontal in situ stress Minimum Horizontal in situ stress

Lima- 2004

Strike of Breakouts

Borehole Imagers Applications

Structural Analysis
structural dip faults, folds, unconformities

Fracture Network evaluation

fracture type strike and dip

BH Stability -MEM
Depth matching, orientation & substitution of cores MDT sampling points
( @ well site)
Borehole Stability Completion (perforation)

Reservoir characterization
facies description depositional environment sequence stratigraphy paleo-current analysis sand body geometry enhanced textural analysis

Reserves evaluation

Reservoir mapping
Lima- 2004

reservoir distribution combined with seismic data gridding of structural map using dipmeter constraint facies correlation

Borehole Imagers & reserves .

R = *(1-Sw)*V R= *(1-Sw)*S*T

Lima- 2004

Images can be transformed into a porosity map

R= *(1-Sw)*S*T

n xo

aR mf F m R xo

F =

R mf
R xo

Direct with OBMI Indirect with FMI

Quantification of primary & secondary porosity

Primary + Secondary = Total Porosity

Frequency

Primary

Secondary

Porosity

Lima- 2004

Quantitative Rx0 Sand count

R= *(1-Sw)*S*T

Lima- 2004

Borehole Imagers Applications

Structural Analysis
structural dip faults, folds, unconformities

Fracture Network evaluation

fracture type strike and dip

BH Stability -MEM
Depth matching, orientation & substitution of cores MDT sampling points
( @ well site)
Borehole Stability Completion (perforation)

Reservoir characterization

Porosity Map

Reservoir mapping
Lima- 2004

reservoir distribution combined with seismic data gridding of structural map using dipmeter constraint facies correlation

facies description depositional environment sequence stratigraphy paleo-current analysis sand body geometry enhanced textural analysis secondary porosity evaluation thin bed analysis, sand - shale ra

MDT dual packer & single probe stations

optimization
FMI processed @ RIG site Station positioning according to fracture position Station positioning according to thin beds

Lima- 2004

Boretex*, Rockcell*, 3d properties*.

Structural Analysis
structural dip faults, folds, unconformities

Fracture Network evaluation

fracture type strike and dip

Present day Geostress analysis

Depth matching, orientation & substitution of cores MDT sampling points
( @ well site)
Borehole Stability Completion (perforation)

Reservoir characterization

Porosity map

Reservoir mapping
Lima- 2004

reservoir distribution combined with seismic data gridding of structural map using dipmeter constraint facies correlation

facies description depositional environment sequence stratigraphy paleo-current analysis sand body geometry enhanced textural analysis secondary porosity evaluation thin bed analysis, sand - shale ra

CONVENTIONAL RESERVOIR ROCK TYPING

10000

G
1000 100 10

WP

Kh, mD

1 0.1

0.01 0

Tight (K < 1mD)

5 10

WP

W
15

W P

20

25

30

Phi, %
Lima- 2004

Principle of facies determination from supervised neural network

F

Cores
M I

BTx
RkC NN
T R A I N I N G

Logs

C O R E S
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Other Wells

Layering and textural delineation from BorTex* image analysis

Layering
Background conductivity

From Scaled Image

Heterogeneities

Texture
Conductive Resistive Flow lines

Lima- 2004

Layering and textural quantification in terms of logs using BorTex

Lima- 2004

Facies determination & depositional environment

Lagoon

Back Barrier

Rudist Barrier

Lima- 2004

..Permeability prediction from heterogeneities ? ..YES !

Difference of conductivity between conductive and resistive heterogeneities

Flow lines occurrence : connectivity factor

Calibration with core data & facies distribution

PERMEABILITY
Lima- 2004

Rock type & permeability prediction from dipmeter S. Duffy & al; oct 2002

Textural Analysis in clastics

Grain size / texture: It is extremely difficult to obtain much information on this from images unless textural differences are very marked (e.g. between sandstone and conglomerate).

Lima- 2004

Textural Analysis SanText Sorting Index

1. Data cleaning 2. Histogram of resistivity
Resistivity Spectrum Analysis
P75 - P25 P50
Conductive Fraction Peak

3. Sorting Index computation

(percentile of resistivity histogram)

Sorting Index
Matrix Upper Bound

Resistive Fraction

Lower Bound

Lima- 2004

Sorting Index vs Core data

Lima- 2004

From Texture to Facies OH logs integration & layering

Depth Track Percent Bad Data Points Track 1 OBMI Image

Track 2 Percentage of Conductive Points Percentage of Resistive Points Percentage of Other Points
Track 3 Total resistivity from all points Resistivity of Conductive fraction Resistivity of Resistive fraction Track 4 Resistivity spectrum Image Sorting Index Track 5 Facies from OH and Image data Local Variability of Image data Layering from Image data
Lima- 2004

o SandTex is a QuickLook

o True facies description requires:

1. A good knowledge of depositional Model 2. Intensive post processing using all data 3. Calibration to core o Some results will always be ambiguous

Lima- 2004

Imagers
are high resolution tools
consequences: you can

Lima- 2004

determine an accurate structural dip model sedimentary or tectonic structures model fracture distribution and aperture provide information on local stress tensor Evaluate the reserves more accurately (F & Thickness) Determine and quantify facies in combination with other logs for clastics & carbonates reservoir Imager give full value integrated with other services (PEX-ECS-CMR)

Lima- 2004

Thank you for your attention

Questions ?

Lima- 2004