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What is networking?
Communication!
An interconnection of
computers and other devices including: Client computers Servers (computers) Network Devices Hubs and Switches Routers Firewall
What is in a network?
What is a network?
A computer network is a series of computers and other devices
interconnected by communication paths. Computer networks include: LANs and WANs
http://www.albany.edu
Ethernet LANs
A LAN:
Operates within a limited geographical area Controlled by local administration Allows local users to: Share printers Access local file servers with software and data Access the Internet
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Ethernet LANs
The most common LAN technology is Ethernet. Ethernet allows computers, printers, and other devices, in the same
network, to be able to communicate. For devices to be able to communicate with each other over an Ethernet network, they must be configured with: IP Address and Subnet Mask on the same network What??? (We will discuss this shortly)
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Hubs and Switches are used to connect computers, printers and other devices in the Ethernet LAN.
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IP Configuration
To communicate with other computers
on your network you need to properly configure: IP Address (of your computer) Subnet Mask (of your computer) To communicate with computers outside your network you need to properly configure: Default Gateway IP Address To be able to use domain names, like www.cabrillo.edu, instead of IP addresses you need to properly configure: DNS (Domain Name System) Server IP Address
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DSL or Cable Modem port that connects to your Internet Service Provider
Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu
192.168.1.10
To the Internet
192.168.1.1
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IP Configuration: DNS
To be able to use domain names,
like www.cabrillo.edu, instead of IP addresses you need to properly configure: DNS (Domain Name System) Server IP Address
207.62.87.54
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IP Configuration: DNS
You could use IP Addresses when accessing other computers, but we
would rather use names (domain names).
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IP Configuration: DNS
66.94.230.47 Computer networks do not understand domain names such as: www.yahoo.com A domain name is a name that is entered into a computer (e.g. as part of a website or other URL, or an email address) and then looked up in the global [Domain Name System] which informs the computer of the IP address(es) with that name. (Wikipedia.com) People are better with names than numbers, so we would rather use names when: Accessing a web page: www.yahoo.com Emailing a friend: Rick.Graziani@cabrillo.edu DNS (Domain Name System) servers (computers) are used to translate domain names to IP Addresses.
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IP Configuration: DNS
Hey, 207.62.87.54, what is the IP Address for www.yahoo.com?
It is 66.94.230.47
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IP Configuration: DNS
The details of how DNS works. If your DNS server does not know the answer, it will find out for you.
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1. Right click
2. Right click
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IP information can be configured: Statically Dynamically Using a DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) Server
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DHCP Server
Here is your IP Address, Subnet Mask, IP Address for the Default Gateway (router), and IP Address for the DNS Server!
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The Internet was originally designed by DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) in response to the U.S.S.R. launching Sputnik, the first satellite. Out of this came the Internet, a way for computers to communicate from different parts of the world. These computers can be any type of computer using any type of operating system, as long as they are using the protocol TCP/IP.
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govern a way of communicating. The sender and receiver, and everyone in between, must agree on the rules, the protocol.
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TCP/IP is a suite of protocols. IP (Internet Protocol) is used for sender and receiver
addressing. Every computer on the Internet or a network must have an IP address to communicate.
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192.168.1.10
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The Internet, or simply the Net, is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks. Routers are network devices that connect two or more networks together. Routers connect networks.
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Routers can help protect your DSL or Cable Modem Network. 204.180.205.1 Public Address
Hacker can only get to public address and not private address
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Internet
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Internet Hackers can only get to public addresses and not private addresses
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Bandwidth
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Bandwidth
LANs: 10 Mbps or 100 Mbps (or more) Connection to ISP (Internet Service Provider) Note: Bandwidth depends up provider, location, and service plan. DSL: Download: 600 Kbps to 1.5 Mbps (or more) Upload: 256 Kbps (or more) Cable Modem: Download: 600 Kbps to 3.0 Mbps (or more) Upload: 256 Kbps (or more) Telephone Modem: Up to 53 Kbps Leased Lines T1: 1.5 Mbps T3: 44.736 Mbps
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A cable modem is a special type of modem that is designed to modulate a data signal over cable television infrastructure.
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A telephone modem is used to modulate and demodulate (translate) between the digital signals of the computer and the analog signals over the telephone line. Maximum bandwidth is only 53 Kbps. Need separate phone line if you want to use the phone while connected to the Internet
DTE digital DCE analog PSTN Dial-up network
Modulation
DTE digital
DCE analog
Demodulation
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IPv4 32 bits or 4 bytes 4,200,000,000 possible addressable nodes 4 billion possible addresses
(http://www.iana.net) is the master holder of the IP addresses. Today, the remaining IPv4 address space has been allocated to various other registries to manage for particular purposes or for regional areas. Regional Internet Registries (RIRs)
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The 5 Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) are: AfriNIC (African Network Information Centre) - Africa Region http://www.afrinic.net APNIC (Asia Pacific Network Information Centre) - Asia/Pacific Region http://www.apnic.net ARIN (American Registry for Internet Numbers) - North America Region http://www.arin.net LACNIC (Regional Latin-American and Caribbean IP Address Registry) Latin America and some Caribbean Islands http://www.lacnic.net RIPE NCC (Reseaux IP Europeans) - Europe, the Middle East, and Central Asia http://www.ripe.net
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Most companies or organizations obtain their IPv4 address blocks from an ISP (Internet Service Provider).
In early 1990s IANA and IETF recognized that the we were running out of IPv4 addresses. Long term solution: IPv6 Short Term solution: Private Addresses and Network Address Translation (NAT)
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Private Addresses 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0 /8) 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0 /12) 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0 /16) The addresses will not be routed in the Internet Need NAT (Network Address Translation)
Private Addresses
Public Address
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Monday, January 31, 2011 IANA allocated two blocks of IPv4 address space to APNIC, the RIR for the Asia Pacific region (39/8 and 106/8) IANA has no more IPv4 network addresses to allocate RIRs Remaining IPv4 addresses
A string of soccer balls would wrap around our universe 200 billion times!
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