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Network Fundamentals Part 1

CS 1 Rick Graziani Cabrillo College

What is networking?

Communication!

An interconnection of
computers and other devices including: Client computers Servers (computers) Network Devices Hubs and Switches Routers Firewall

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Most successful networking applications?

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What is in a network?

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What is a network?
A computer network is a series of computers and other devices
interconnected by communication paths. Computer networks include: LANs and WANs
http://www.albany.edu

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Ethernet LANs

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LAN Local Area Network

LAN (Local Area Network) - A network connecting computers at a single site

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LAN Local Area Network

A LAN:
Operates within a limited geographical area Controlled by local administration Allows local users to: Share printers Access local file servers with software and data Access the Internet
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Ethernet LANs

The most common LAN technology is Ethernet. Ethernet allows computers, printers, and other devices, in the same

network, to be able to communicate. For devices to be able to communicate with each other over an Ethernet network, they must be configured with: IP Address and Subnet Mask on the same network What??? (We will discuss this shortly)
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Creating an Ethernet Network


To start, your computer must have an Ethernet Network Interface Card
(NIC). Ethernet NICs have an RJ-45 interface or port.

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Creating an Ethernet Network

Hubs and Switches are used to connect computers, printers and other devices in the Ethernet LAN.

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Creating an Ethernet Network



Ethernet cables, i.e. Cat-5 or Cat-6 cables (Category 5, Category 6) are used to connect computers to the hubs and switches. Cat-5 cable connects computer NIC to hub or switch.

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Creating an Ethernet Network

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Configuring IP (Internet Protocol)

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IP Configuration
To communicate with other computers
on your network you need to properly configure: IP Address (of your computer) Subnet Mask (of your computer) To communicate with computers outside your network you need to properly configure: Default Gateway IP Address To be able to use domain names, like www.cabrillo.edu, instead of IP addresses you need to properly configure: DNS (Domain Name System) Server IP Address
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IP Configuration: IP Address & Mask


To communicate with other computers
on your network you need to properly configure: IP Address (of your computer) Subnet Mask (of your computer) IP Internet Protocol IP Address is the unique address of your computer on your network. Subnet Mask is used by your computer to figure out what network it belongs to. Analogy: Name: RICKGRAZIANI Mask: FFFFLLLLLLLL The Mask tells us which part of RICKGRAZIANI is the first name (F) and which part is the last name (L).
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I am part of the 192.168.1.0 network!

IP Configuration: Default Gateway


To communicate with computers
outside your network you need to properly configure: Default Gateway IP Address

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IP Configuration: Default Gateway


Default Gateway or Router: This is the device that connects your
network to other networks, including the Internet.

DSL or Cable Modem port that connects to your Internet Service Provider
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Switch ports that connect to computers on your LAN


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IP Configuration: Default Gateway


Any information that needs to be sent to IP Addresses outside your
network is sent to the Default Gateway or Router.

192.168.1.10

To the Internet

192.168.1.1

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IP Configuration: DNS
To be able to use domain names,
like www.cabrillo.edu, instead of IP addresses you need to properly configure: DNS (Domain Name System) Server IP Address

207.62.87.54

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IP Configuration: DNS
You could use IP Addresses when accessing other computers, but we
would rather use names (domain names).

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IP Configuration: DNS

Computer networks only understand IP Addresses such as:

66.94.230.47 Computer networks do not understand domain names such as: www.yahoo.com A domain name is a name that is entered into a computer (e.g. as part of a website or other URL, or an email address) and then looked up in the global [Domain Name System] which informs the computer of the IP address(es) with that name. (Wikipedia.com) People are better with names than numbers, so we would rather use names when: Accessing a web page: www.yahoo.com Emailing a friend: Rick.Graziani@cabrillo.edu DNS (Domain Name System) servers (computers) are used to translate domain names to IP Addresses.

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IP Configuration: DNS
Hey, 207.62.87.54, what is the IP Address for www.yahoo.com?

It is 66.94.230.47

Hey, 66.94.230.47, please send me your web page.


Yahoo Web Server

Here, 192.168.1.10, here is my web page.

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IP Configuration: DNS
The details of how DNS works. If your DNS server does not know the answer, it will find out for you.

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How do I view/edit this information on my computer?

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How do I view/edit this information on my computer?


3. TCP/IP, Properties Left click

1. Right click

2. Right click
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How do I view/edit this information on my computer?

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Setting the IP Configuration Information

IP information can be configured: Statically Dynamically Using a DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) Server

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IP Configuration: Static Configuration


Static configuration is when the user or administrator of the computer
configures the IP Address, Subnet Mask, Default Gateway and DNS Server information.

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IP Configuration: Dynamic Configuration


Dynamic configuration is when the IP Address, Subnet Mask, Default
Gateway and DNS Server information is obtained automatically from a DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) Server.

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IP Configuration: Dynamic Configuration


Im booting up, if there is a DHCP Server out there, I need my IP Configuration Information!

DHCP Server
Here is your IP Address, Subnet Mask, IP Address for the Default Gateway (router), and IP Address for the DNS Server!

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The Internet and TCP/IP

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What is the Internet?

The Internet was originally designed by DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) in response to the U.S.S.R. launching Sputnik, the first satellite. Out of this came the Internet, a way for computers to communicate from different parts of the world. These computers can be any type of computer using any type of operating system, as long as they are using the protocol TCP/IP.
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What is TCP/IP? What is a protocol?

The actual letter (data) is inside (encapsulated) the envelope.

A protocol is nothing more than an agreement or rules to

govern a way of communicating. The sender and receiver, and everyone in between, must agree on the rules, the protocol.
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What is TCP/IP? What is a protocol?

Protocol: An agreed form of communications.

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TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol


Source IP Address: 192.168.1.10

Destination IP Address 66.94.230.47

This is known as an IP Packet

TCP/IP is a suite of protocols. IP (Internet Protocol) is used for sender and receiver

addressing. Every computer on the Internet or a network must have an IP address to communicate.
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Source IP Address: 192.168.1.10

Inside envelope: Request for web page 66.94.230.47

192.168.1.10

Destination IP Address: 66.94.230.47

Yahoo Web Server

Source IP Address: 66.94.230.47 Destination IP Address: 192.168.1.10


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Inside envelope: Web page

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Pinging another computer (FYI)

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Connecting Networks with Routers

The Internet, or simply the Net, is the publicly accessible worldwide system of interconnected computer networks. Routers are network devices that connect two or more networks together. Routers connect networks.
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Connecting Networks with Routers

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DSL or Cable Modem: No Router

Routers can help protect your DSL or Cable Modem Network. 204.180.205.1 Public Address

Hacker can only get to public address and not private address

DSL or Cable Modem

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DSL or Cable Modem: With a Router



The router is between your computer (LAN) and your DSL Modem. The router is between you and the Internet.

Internet

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DSL or Cable Modem: With a Router


When using NAT (Network Address Translation, the Router helps hide your network from attackers. 192.168.1.10 Private Address

204.180.205.1 Public Address

Internet Hackers can only get to public addresses and not private addresses
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Networks: Bandwidth and Connections


Local Area Networks DSL Cable Modem Leased Lines Modems

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Bandwidth

Bandwidth - The amount of information that can flow through a


network connection in a given period of time. Usually measured in bits per second (bps) bps: bits per second Kbps: thousands of bits per second Mbps: millions of bits per second

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Bandwidth
LANs: 10 Mbps or 100 Mbps (or more) Connection to ISP (Internet Service Provider) Note: Bandwidth depends up provider, location, and service plan. DSL: Download: 600 Kbps to 1.5 Mbps (or more) Upload: 256 Kbps (or more) Cable Modem: Download: 600 Kbps to 3.0 Mbps (or more) Upload: 256 Kbps (or more) Telephone Modem: Up to 53 Kbps Leased Lines T1: 1.5 Mbps T3: 44.736 Mbps
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Connection to ISP: DSL


DSL (digital subscriber line) is a
very high-speed connection that uses the same wires as a regular telephone line.

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DSL: From HowStuffWorks.com


Advantages of DSL:
You can leave your Internet connection open and still use the phone line for voice calls. The speed is much higher than a regular modem DSL doesn't necessarily require new wiring; it can use the phone line you already have. The company that offers DSL will usually provide the modem as part of the installation. But there are disadvantages: A DSL connection works better when you are closer to the provider's central office. The connection is faster for receiving data than it is for sending data over the Internet. The service is not available everywhere.

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Connection to ISP: Cable Modem

A cable modem is a special type of modem that is designed to modulate a data signal over cable television infrastructure.

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Connection to ISP: Telephone Modem

A telephone modem is used to modulate and demodulate (translate) between the digital signals of the computer and the analog signals over the telephone line. Maximum bandwidth is only 53 Kbps. Need separate phone line if you want to use the phone while connected to the Internet
DTE digital DCE analog PSTN Dial-up network

Modulation

DTE digital

DCE analog

PSTN Dial-up network

Demodulation

GOLDMAN: DATACOMM FIG.02-14

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IPv4 and IPv6 Addressing


No handout

IPv4 32 bits or 4 bytes 4,200,000,000 possible addressable nodes 4 billion possible addresses

Who assigns IP Network Addresses?

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)

(http://www.iana.net) is the master holder of the IP addresses. Today, the remaining IPv4 address space has been allocated to various other registries to manage for particular purposes or for regional areas. Regional Internet Registries (RIRs)

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Regional Internet Registries (RIR)

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The 5 Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) are: AfriNIC (African Network Information Centre) - Africa Region http://www.afrinic.net APNIC (Asia Pacific Network Information Centre) - Asia/Pacific Region http://www.apnic.net ARIN (American Registry for Internet Numbers) - North America Region http://www.arin.net LACNIC (Regional Latin-American and Caribbean IP Address Registry) Latin America and some Caribbean Islands http://www.lacnic.net RIPE NCC (Reseaux IP Europeans) - Europe, the Middle East, and Central Asia http://www.ripe.net

ISP (Internet Service Providers)

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Most companies or organizations obtain their IPv4 address blocks from an ISP (Internet Service Provider).

Private IPv4 Addresses

In early 1990s IANA and IETF recognized that the we were running out of IPv4 addresses. Long term solution: IPv6 Short Term solution: Private Addresses and Network Address Translation (NAT)

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Private IPv4 Addresses

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Private Addresses 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0 /8) 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0 /12) 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0 /16) The addresses will not be routed in the Internet Need NAT (Network Address Translation)

NAT Network Address Translation PAT Port Address Translation

Private Addresses

Public Address

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Monday, January 31, 2011 IANA allocated two blocks of IPv4 address space to APNIC, the RIR for the Asia Pacific region (39/8 and 106/8) IANA has no more IPv4 network addresses to allocate RIRs Remaining IPv4 addresses

One Hex digit = 4 bits

2001:0DB8:AAAA:1111:0000:0000:0000:0100/64 2001 : 0DB8 : AAAA : 1111 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0100


16 bits 16 bits 16 bits 16 bits 16 bits 16 bits 16 bits 16 bits

IPv6 addresses are 128-bit addresses represented in:


Eight 16-bit segments or hextets (not a formal term) Hexadecimal (non-case sensitive) between 0000 and FFFF Separated by colons

How many addresses does 128 bits give us?


340 undecillion addesses or

340 trillion trillion trillion addresses or


IPv6 could provide each and every square micrometer of the earths surface with 5,000 unique addresses. Micrometer = 0.001 mm or 0.000039 inches or.

A string of soccer balls would wrap around our universe 200 billion times!

When will RIRs run out of IPv4 Addresses?

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Why do we need to move to IPv6?

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Network Fundamentals Part 1


CS 1 Rick Graziani Cabrillo College

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