Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Organization
collectivity
of elements with a relatively identifiable boundary, a normative order (rules) ranks of authority (hierarchy), communications systems, and membership coordinating systems (procedures)
Organization (cont)
this
collectivity exists on a relatively continuous basis, in an environment, and engages in activities that are usually related to a set of goals; the activities have outcomes for organizational members, for the organization itself, and for society
Management
the
achievement of goals through the use of resources and activities - the ways in which the processes occur within the structure - often used to refer to private-sector organizations
Administration
often
Also
Organizational Structure
the
distributions, along various lines, of people among social positions that influence the role relations among these people a complex medium of control which is continually produced and recreated in interaction and yet shapes that interaction
POSDCoRB
Planning Organizing Staffing Directing Coordinating Reporting Budgeting
Structural Dimensions
Complexity
Horizontal differentiation Vertical differentiation Geographical dispersion
Formalization Centralization
Contextual Explanations
Organizational Processes
Leadership - ability, based on the personal qualities of the leader, to elicit the followers voluntary compliance in a broad range of matters. Decision-making - making a choice from among a set of options
Life cycle - constant shifting of interests and conditions Developmental - planned actions directed at achieving selected out
Bureaucracy (Weber)
division of labor specialization of function well-defined hierarchy of authority system of rules, regulations & procedures impersonality selection/promotion based on technical competence
Organizational Principles
Systems Theory
acts, decisions, and rules are recorded in writing. Authority within the organization is associated with ones position. Candidates are appointed on the basis of their qualifications, and training is a necessary part of the selection process.
Theory X
Management is responsible for organizing the elements of productive enterprise. With respect to people, this is a process of directing their efforts, motivating them, controlling their actions, and modifying their behavior to fit the needs of the organization.
Without this active intervention by management, people would be passiveeven resistantto organizational needs.
The average man is, by nature, indolenthe works as little as possible. He lacks ambition, dislikes responsibility, prefers to be led. He is inherently self-centered, indifferent to organizational needs. He is, by nature, resistant to change. He is gullible, not very bright (1960:5-6).
Participative Management
Theory Y
Theory Y (cont)
The motivation, the potential for development, the capacity for assuming responsibility, the readiness to direct behavior toward organizational goals, are all present in people.
The essential task of management is to arrange organizational conditions and methods of operations so that people can best achieve their own goals by directing their own efforts toward organizational objectives. (1960:15).
Systems Theory
Organizations exist in an environment social, cultural, technological Organizations are complex sets of units that must be coordinated, maintained and controlled Attention is paid to intra and inter-system linkages
System Theories