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DIATHERMY:
Used during cutting and coagulation of the tissues Consists of high frequency power oscillators Spark gap oscillators Undamped current: clean cutting Damped current: coagulation
Requirement:
High temperature exceeding 1000 degree C 1 mm diameter of cross section of arc High current density Frequency : 250 Hz to 1 MHz Cutting : 400 W Coagulation : 150 W (10-15 s & 15 KHz)
Block diagram:
Control panel & logic board: produces the basic signal and timing informations Operates the relays, give visual indications and determine the alarm conditions Isolated and carefully insulated Avoid contact to conducting surfaces.
Contd.
Soft coagulation: no electric arcs, prevents skin from carbonized Forced coagulation: arcs are intentionally generated between the coagulation electrode and the tissue (deeper coagulation) Spray coagulation: arcs are deliberately produced. Contact is not necessary
Electrodes used:
Needle electrode: desiccation lancet electrode: cutting Loop electrode : ecsecting (opening) the channels, extirpating growth Performance: improper placement of electrode Loss of energy ( Mono phasic electrode)
Anode voltage: 4000 V Controlling the anode voltage, filament heating current Adjusting the grid leak resistance, R1.
Application technique:
Capacitor plate method: Tissues are kept sandwiched between the two pads No direct contact Also called as Condenser method
Contd.
Inductive method: The cable is coiled around the arm RF current is passed and the magnetic field applies the heat (electro static action) Also called as inductohermy
Diapulse therapy:
Increase in energy output avoids the dangers of heat Pulse width : 65 micro second Interval : 1600 micro second
Contd.
Delay circuit Magnetron circuit Safety circuit
Contd.
Controlling the firing angle Frequency of ultrasound Intensity of ultrasound Duration of exposure Avoids injury
Apparatus:
Galvanic current: Steady flow of current 10-20 minutes
Contd.
Exponentially progressive current: Independent pulse duration
Contd.
Faradic current: Sequence of pulses With defined shape and current 80 mA of magnitude 25 surges per minute
Functional diagram:
Contd.
Distortion free Irrespective of patients resistance Position of the electrodes should be rigid Mono-polar electrode : indifferent electrode is placed near to the active electrode.
Magnetic stimulator:
Electrical stimulator is very painful Magnetic pulse is generated by passing a brief, high-current pulse through a coil of wire Still experimental
Diaphragm pacing by radio frequency for the treatment of chronic ventilatory insufficency:
Only one phrenic nerve could affect normal oxygen and carbon-di-oxide exchange
Contd.
Bladder stimulators: Reflex actions can be controlled Possible kidney malfunction Cerebellar stimulators: Inhibiting intractable epilepsy