Introduction

Setting the Stage

McGraw-Hill/Irwin

Copyright 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Learning Points
In the introduction you will discover the answers to these questions: What is leadership, and why is it important? Where do leaders learn to lead, and what do people want in a leader? What are the satisfactions and frustrations of leadership? What are the elements of caring leadership?

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Learning Points
Leadership is a concept that is both current and timeless Leadership excellence requires the ability to: Attract capable people Motivate them to put forth their best effort Solve problems that arise These are difficult tasks, which helps explain why effective leadership is so rare

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Learning Points
Consider these questions: Have you ever been the victim of a poor leader? What made them good or bad? How do you feel about the good leaders you have known?

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Learning Points
A good leader is more important than other other factor for work morale and job performance Social conscience and conduct were influenced by Martin Luther King and Susan B. Anthony The fates of nations were determined by Alexander the Great and Joan of Arc Civilization was shaped by philosophers such as John Stuart Mill and Adam Smith

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Three Types of Leaders

There are three types of leaders: Teachers, who are rule breakers and value creators Aristotle Buddah Jesus Marx Mohammed Plato Socrates

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Three Types of Leaders

Heroes, responsible for great causes and noble works Columbus Curie Edison Galileo Hippocrates Newton Pasteur

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Three Types of Leaders

Rulers, who are motivated by dominating others and exercising power Alexander Elizabeth I Hitler Julius Caesar Mao Tse-tung Napoleon Ramses II

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Learning Points
Leadership scholar Ralph M. Stogdill identified these leadership traits: A strong drive for responsibility and task completion Vigor and persistence Venturesomeness and originality in problem-solving Initiative in social situations Self-confidence and sense of personal identity Willingness to accept consequences of decisions and action

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Learning Points
Readiness to absorb interpersonal stress Willingness to tolerate frustration and delay Ability to influence other persons behavior Capacity to structure social interaction systems to the purpose at hand

These traits differentiate: Leaders from followers Higher echelon from lower echelon leaders

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Environmental Factors
Recently, leadership has been viewed as a social phenomenon, not an individual trait This explains why leaders who are successful in one situation fail in another Egyptians: demanded authority, discrimination, and just behavior in their leaders Greeks valued: Justice and judgment (Argamemnon) Wisdom and counsel (Nestor) Shrewdness and cunning (Odysseus) Valor and action (Achilles)

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Environmental Factors
Patterns of behavior deemed acceptable in leaders differ from time to time and culture to culture Thus, the establishment of educational institutions and curricula to impart and reinforce the knowledge, skills, and attitudes deemed important by a society or group

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Environmental Factors
Throughout history, male leaders have outnumbered female leaders Even the definition of leader is a social phenomenon Edith Wilson ran the U.S. while her husband was incapacitated, but history credits President Woodrow Wilson as leader during that time Public recognition of Mrs. Wilsons influence would not have been in line with the norms of the time

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Interaction of Individual & Environment

Leadership results from the interaction of a person with the environment Findings from sociobiological studies support this view Example: Young male fish remained small and sexually underdeveloped until the adult male population dwindled. Then, size and sexual maturation accelerated dramatically.

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Interaction of Individual & Environment

Sudden maturation is also found in humans Leaders may emerge spontaneously in social crises after filling anonymous roles for years Polands Lech Walesa went from shipyard worker to national labor leader during the 1980s Innate abilities often unfold under certain conditions External circumstances and internal qualities interact to create a sudden, dramatic spurt of performance

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Learning to Lead: What People Want

The U.S. Chamber of Commerce sought to answer two questions: Where do leaders learn to lead? What do people want in a leader?

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Learning to Lead: What People Want

Where do leaders learn to lead? #1 is from experience Often sink or swim #2 is from examples or models They show both what to do and what to avoid #3 is from books and school Includes formal education, seminars, and professional reading

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Learning to Lead: What People Want

What people want most in a leader: Integrity, also known as honesty Job knowledge People-building skills

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Leader Satisfactions and Frustrations

About 1 out of every 10 people in the American workplace is a supervisor, administrator, or manager Management author Andrew DuBrin identifies the satisfactions and frustrations typically found in leadership roles

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Leader Satisfactions and Frustrations

Satisfactions A feeling of power and prestige A chance to help others High income Respect and status Opportunities for advancement A feeling of being in a position of knowledge An opportunity to control money and other resources

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Leader Satisfactions and Frustrations

Frustrations Too much uncompensated work time Too many problems No enough authority to carry out responsibility Loneliness Too many problems involving people Organizational politics The pursuit of conflicting goals

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Caring Leadership
Caring is an essential ingredient for success Only when the leader cares will: Others care There be focus and energy for the work to be done

There are two aspects of caring leadership: Commitment to a task Concern for people

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Caring Leadership
Theodore Roosevelt advocates a life of engagement and meaning This means a personal commitment to accomplishing a goal Goals may be a one-time endeavor or a lifes work The goal may or may not be tangible In any case, the leaders commitment becomes contagious, igniting the emotions of all present

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Caring Leadership
Caring leadership also means caring about people The caring leader is unselfish, ready and eager to hear the other persons story He/she is dedicated to the service of others Concern for others results in loyalty and dedication to the leaders goals

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Caring Leadership
Lessons from great leaders: Jan Carlzon, former CEO of Scandinavian Airlines: there are two great motivators in life. One is fear. The other is love. You can manage people by feat, but if you do, it will diminish both them and you. The path to success begins in the heart. James Autry, former CEO of Meredith Corporation: If you dont truly care about people, you should get out of leadership; it will save a lot of people a lot of trouble and maybe even a heart attack.

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Caring Leadership
Both commitment to a goal and concern for others must be present for caring leadership to occur Without commitment, there is no passion Without concern, there is no loyalty Caring leadership cannot be legislated, and it cannot be an act When the leader cares, others become focused and energized At this point direction and momentum develop and great achievements are made

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Leadership in the Work Setting

Management author John Kotter says that too many organizations are over-managed and underled Too much emphasis on control No enough on motivation and creativity Leaders need to be developed at all levels of responsibility

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Leadership in the Work Setting

What is the difference between leadership and management? Management involves four functions: Planning Organizing Directing Controlling

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Leadership in the Work Setting

Leadership describes what takes place during the first three of these functions: Establishing a direction (planning) Aligning people and resources (organizing) Energizing people to accomplish results (directing)

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Leadership in the Work Setting

To be successful, these processes require: Insight Decisiveness Courage Strength Resolve Diplomacy

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Leadership in the Work Setting

Other definitions: Management provides order and consistency Leadership produces change and movement Successful organizations have both Karl Marx observed that how a society does its work shapes the things society believes and does The principles and practices applied on the job impact the home and larger community

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Nine Key Areas of Leadership

A breakdown in choosing a course of action or in making progress is usually due to a deficiency in: Leadership variables The power of vision The importance of ethics The empowerment of people Leadership principles Understanding people Multiplying effectiveness Developing others Performance management