Water Resources Demand Management at National Level

MALAYSIA

CURRENT WATER RESOURCES DEMAND CONDITIONS AND DEMAND MANAGEMENT MEASURES - SITUATION

Malaysia
Population 28.25 mill. (2010) Land area 33 mill. Ha Peninsular Malaysia 13 mil Ha Sabah and Sarawak 20 mil Ha Total cultivated area 6.2 mill. Ha (40% cultivable) 90% cultivated area palm oil, rubber & fruit trees Equatorial climate 2 distinct monsoons 60% annual rain falls in Nov. to Jan. Avg. rainfall 2500 mm/yr Mean relative humidity 78% 87% Annual bright sunshine hours of 1764 2664 hours

10% cash crops mainly paddy

Agriculture Land Use

Name Rubber Oil Palm Paddy Fruits Coconut Cocoa Area ( 000 ha ) 1,395 3,465 475 330 193 160

Vegetables Pepper
Tobacco Others TOTAL
3

64 9
8 111 6,210

Paddy Areas
Total paddy area ~ Granary area ~ Non-granary area ~ Irrigated area Non-Irrigated area Wet paddy Upland Paddy ~ ~ ~ ~ 475,000 ha 210,000 ha 265,000 ha 120,000 ha 145,000 ha 85,000 ha 60,000 ha

RICE PRODUCTION IN MALAYSIA 2004 - 2009 (000 TONS)

2004 Peninsular Malaysia Granary Areas Sabah Sarawak 1,911 1,531 162 218

2005 1,937 1,587 150 227

2006 1,813 1,460 133 239

2007 2,031 1,626 134 209

2008 2,013 1,632 133 207

2009p 2,127 1,662 104 230

Malaysia

2,291

2,314

2,187

2,375

2,353

2,460

CURRENT STATUS OF WATER RESOURCES DEMAND CONDITIONS AND DEMAND MANAGEMENT MEASURES SITUATION

Water Resources in Malaysia 150 major river basins agriculture consume 70% water Avg. annual rainfall 2,500 mm = 990 BCM Groundwater resource estimated safe yield of 64 BCM No physical water scarcity Spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall is not uniform Require more storage and optimization of rainfall
6

WATER RESOURCES DEMAND CONDITIONS CURRENT AND PROJECTED DEMAND

30 25 20 Potable 15 Irrigation

Water Demand (mm)

Other Crops 10
5 0 2010 2020 2030 Year
7

Livestock Fisheries

2040

2050

AGRICULTURAL WATER DEMAND IN MALAYSIA

Agricultural water demand in Malaysia is currently stand at 13 BCM, mainly for paddy irrigation. Total paddy planting area is 360,000 ha (270,000 ha irrigated, 90,000 ha rain-fed).

Projected irrigation demands IS PREDICTED TO BE slightly decrease based on improve irrigation efficiencies, improve farming practices, introduction paddy strains with shorter growing periods and other measures
The Future agriculture water demand is based on Agro-Food Policy (2010-2020) formulated MOA to achieve certain Self Sufficiency Level in Agro-Food production
8

WATER DEMAND ISSUES IN MALAYSIA

Agriculture consume almost 70% of water extracted from rivers Most of water extracted is for rice cultivation Rice is very important crop for National Food Security and source of income for 300,000 farmers Malaysia produced 70% - 75% of rice required for local consumption annually The current Food Policy on rice productions is to produce at least 70% of SSL Farmers income in rice industry to be uplifted to USD3,000 annually As no land suitable for new rice cultivation, production need to increase through higher yield and cropping intensity
9

WATER DEMAND ISSUES IN MALAYSIA

To increase yield requires reliable and adequate water supply Additional water will be required to increase cropping intensity Water deficit occurs during annual low flow periods and drought years Irrigation schemes depending on river run-off without reservoirs, vulnerable to water shortage

10

RICE CULTIVATION IN MALAYSIA

Rice cultivation in irrigated areas practice flooding system Avg. yield = 3.8 kg/ha

Wet direct seeding is widely practiced since 20 years ago

Reliable water supply is foremost in this practiced to control the growth of weeds and other field activities

11

MADA
IADP P. Pinang

KADA Kemasin Semerak Besut

Kerian

Seberang Perak Sg. Manik Northwest Selangor

LEGEND
GRANARY AREA
Mini Granary Area (74)

..
12

RICE CULTIVATION IN MALAYSIA - FUTURE

Increase cropping intensity to 5 season in 2 yrs (CI = 225%) is one of the future option to increase production Non granary areas with available water source will be upgraded to increase yield and cropping intensity through the provision of new water source New areas to be developed are mainly in Sabah and Sarawak where water sources are available Apart from developing new water source, water for irrigation need to be secured through increase water use efficiency all levels of irrigation supply
13

ADAPTATIONS MEASURES FOR DEMAND CONDITIONS IN PLANNING IWRM in managing the water sector and the catchment. Effective implementation of IWRM contribute to the realization of the national water vision Revision to water laws and formation department to manage water resources Revision of Irrigation laws Full farmers participation in irrigation management of a

Reviewing irrigation design procedures to meet future demand management in irrigation management
14

DEMAND ADAPTATION MEASURES IN PLACE

IRRIGATION SYSTEM LEVEL Reduce conveyance losses through canal lining and pipeline network

Proper water management and controlling of losses through application of new technologies for real time monitoring of spills, flow measurements
Automation of regulators using automatic control system and other physical means Design and operation water infrastructures based on service concept: Reliable, flexible on-demand supply Optimization of naturally available water sources: rainfall and uncontrolled surface flow (rivers)
15

ADAPTATIONS MEASURES FOR DEMAND CONDITIONS - IN PLACE

Improve irrigation efficiency at all irrigation water supply levels

More effective or more extensive harvesting and storing in the paddy fields

rainwater

Develop seed varieties that are more resistant to water stress, shorter growth duration and produce high yield with less water Good agricultural water management practices to secure land and environment

16

ADAPTATIONS MEASURES FOR DEMAND CONDITIONS - IN PLACE

On-farm level and tertiary system Reduce irrigation period and water saving irrigation practices. Rearrangement of lot size, shape and level Transplanting - reduce requirement of water for weeds control

Strengthen farmers institution

Crop management and variety: high yield variety, high value crop, shorter duration

Best Management Practice and precision agriculture: Conserve water, energy, labour and environment.
17

DEMAND MITIGATION MEASURES IN PLACE AND IN PLANNING

Development of alternative water source, such as groundwater to be used during drought

Development of water reuse or recycle facilities- PUMP AND RESERVOIRS

Redesign and improvement of drainage structures to store water and to regulate water level when required Developing of Drought irrigation schemes management plan for all

SCADA system to monitor real time water situation in rivers, reservoirs and irrigation systems

18

Demand Mgmt. Policies & Programs

National Level Policies
National Water Resources Policy - Water Resources Sustainability - Federal and State Governments will look at optimising and minimising wastage of water resources and address aspects related to demand management

19

Demand Mgmt. Policies & Programs

National Demand Management Programs and Investments
Programs in the National Food Security Increase irrigation infrastructure to optimum level of 50 m/ha reduce water loss Land Leveling implement land leveling to improve efficiency of good agricultural practices Government Programs Rehabilitation, upgrading and modernize existing irrigation scheme Improve management, O&M to increase water use efficiency Provide incentive for commercial paddy farming
20

Demand Mgmt. Policies & Programs

National Demand Management Programs and Investments .. Cont..
Government Programs Continuously worked through research and collaboration with International and Regional organizations in increasing agriculture water use efficiency, demand management and sustainable water use through various programs:- such as Benchmarking, Rapid Appraisal Procedures (RAPs) Evaluation, MASSCOTE, Capacity building, Conferences, country visits, pilot projects and technical studies.,

21

Demand Mgmt. Policies & Programs

Strengthening Water User Group (e.g. Farmers participation in decision making processes)

Remote Sensing Technology

Research and Development

22

National demand management programs and investments

Irrigation Modernization programs to increase irrigation efficiency Development of water recycle facilities and reservoirs Land consolidation and land levelling Provision of SCADA and telemetry system for efficient water management Training of farmers and establishment of Water User Group

23

LESSONS LEARNED
Proper irrigation scheduling can result in significant savings in irrigation time, labour, energy, and water. By carefully managing the amount of water applied, leaching of nutrients and erosion can be reduced. No single agency entrusted with the overall planning and management of water. There is a need for one agency to pursue a more effective water management. Lack of people awareness on WDM issues and the greater lack of trained personnel equipped with the necessary skills and knowledge on WDM

24

Lessons Learned
Recycling drainage water for irrigation - Fourth water source for irrigation
In Muda irrigation scheme, all the recycling pumps contribute 17% of the water from reservoir.

25

Lessons Learned

Reduce conveyance losses through canal lining and pipeline network.

26

Best Practices in Demand Mgmt.

Telemetry system to Muda area for managing water demand Information (rainfall/water level) to priorities on the effective and optimum usage of water resources, Information (water level/gate opening) for decision on water distribution

27

PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES REGARDING DEMAND MANAGEMENT AND RESPONSE

To provide infrastructures requirement appropriate to meet irrigation demand system and management

Small size, irregular shape and unlevel paddy fields in most paddy areas To get farmers cooperation to practice efficient water management at tertiary level Provision of government annual budget for O&M of irrigation scheme to support State Government Develop seed variety that are more resistant to water stress and shorter growth duration - use less water
28

PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES REGARDING DEMAND MANAGEMENT AND RESPONSE

SMALL SIZE, IRREGULAR SHAPE AND UNLEVEL PADDY FIELD IN MOST OF PADDY AREAS IN MALAYSIA...WHY?? It is difficult to manage water and apply modern farming activities Require more infrastructure intensity of irrigation

Have to deal with many farmers

29

PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES REGARDING DEMAND MANAGEMENT AND RESPONSE

TO PROVIDE APPROPRIATE IRRIGATION SYSTEM AND INFRASTRUCTURES TO MEET DEMAND MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS.....WHY?? Permanent reservoirs are required for demand management and water saving

Installation of infrastructures requires significant investment

Demand management coordination of all management requires the level irrigation

30

PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES REGARDING DEMAND MANAGEMENT AND RESPONSE

TO GET FARMERS COOPERATION TO PRACTICE EFFICIENT WATER MANAGEMENT AT TERTIARY AND ON FARM LEVELS.....WHY?? Farmers age and level of education No water charge imposed Too many farmers No nurtured farmers organisation Existing field infrastructures are difficult to manage and to operate

31

NEW DEMAND MANAGEMENT INITIATIVES BEING DEVELOPED OR IN PROGRESS

R&D in the search of appropriate tertiary canal to meet demand management Guidelines and procedures for modern design of irrigation infrastructures Land levelling and land consolidation is associated with new irrigation design Encouragement of using irrigation conveyance pipelines as

32

Important factors to consider and principles to follow in demand management policies

Ideal situation is for the government at all levels federal, state and local to work together towards demand management No single consolidated water policy for the country, at least not yet. If there were one, it involves managing water demand as a priority before rushing head-on to yet another large scale supply side-management project.

Acceptance of farmers is crucial in all demand management policies

33

CONCLUSION
Future water demand scenario in Malaysia requires supply and demand management Demand management is required to reduce the pressure to develop new water source infrastructures to meet future demand Demand management requires investment and innovation in new irrigation infrastructure, management and capacity building Sharing of knowledge and experiences in demand management and demand response in irrigation water management among ASEAN countries will contribute to meet future water demand for irrigation

34