Salamat datang ke Pakistan

DAMS IN PAKISTAN

What is a dam?
A barrier, either natural or artificially constructed, that impounds or diverts the flow of water, especially in a water course. Also, the body of water confined by a dam.

Purpose of dams

Dams are built to provide water for:

Irrigated agriculture Domestic or industrial use To generate hydropower Help control flood Recharge of ground water

In last century over 45,000 times people took decision to built a dam. Today around 3,800 km3 of freshwater is withdrawn annually from worlds lakes, rivers and aquifers. This is twice the volume extracted 50 years ago

Brief history of dams

River basin are renowned as cradles of civilization and cultural heritage The earliest evidence of river engineering is ruins of irrigation canals over eight thosand years old in Mesopotamia Remains of water storage dams found in Jordan, Egypt, Yemen and other parts of the Middle-east date back 3000 B.C. First use of dams for hydropower generation was around 1890 By 1949 about 5,000 large dams were constructed (out of which 75% were in industrialized countries) By end of 20th century there were over 45,000 large dams over 140 countries

CONSTRUCTION OF WORLD DAMS BY DECADE (1900-20000)

6000

5000

4000

Number of dams

3000

2000

1000

0 Before 1900 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s after 1990

Excluding over 90% of large dams in China for which chronological information is not available

Regional distribution of world large dams at the end of the 20th century
25,000

20,000

Number of dams

15,000

10,000

5,000

0 China Asia North and Central America Western Europe Africa Eastern Europe South America Austral Asia

PARTIAL LIST OF SELECTED PROJECTS CARRIED OUT/ BEING CARRIED OUT BY REGIONAL OFFICE (NORTH) IN RECENT YEARS

Major Dams/Barrages and Hydropower Projects Undertaken by ACE RO(N) Ghazi Barotha Hydropower Project Kalabagh Dam Project Mangla Raising Project Chashma Hydropower Project Basha Diamer Project Mirani Dam Project Greater Thal Canal Project Gulpur Hydrpower Project Rawal Dam Project Khan Pur Dam Project Kurram Tangi Multipurpose Dam Project Warsak Dam Project Jinnah & Rasul Barrage Project Very recently ACE has been awarded Punjab Barrages Rehabilitation Project Phase-I (Jinnah & Islam & Balloki Package)

Irrigation, Drainage, Groundwater, Flood Control and River Basin Projects

Sector Policy Studies Project NDP

Pakistan Water Sector Investment Planning Study Assessment of Water Resources and Development of Irrigation Potential in entire AJK under NRMP

Irrigation System Management I & II

Pakistan Command Water Management Project Siren River Basin Development Project Pakistan Dajal Branch Extension Project

Power Projects

Ghazi Barotha Hydropower Project

Chashma Hydropower Project Kalabagh Dam Project Basha Dam Hydroelectric Project

Pehur Hydropower Project

Matiltan Hydropower Muzaffargarh Thermal Power Station Extension Project Natural Gas fired Combine Cycle Thermal Power Plant, Que Chashma Nuclear Power Project 500 KV Tarbela Lahore Transmission Line 220 KV Transmission Line Project between Multan and Vehari, Vehari and Sahiwal, Kala Shah Kaku and Ravi (Lahore)

Kalabagh Dam Lay Out Plan

1450 MW Ghazi-Barotha Hydropower Project View of Tail of the Power Channel. Static loading of the Channel has been Completed.

Chashma Hydropower Project ACE in association with other consultants successfully completed Chashma Hydropower Project of 184 MW capacity.

Basha Diamer Dam, Pakistan ACE is a part of the consortium for preparation of an upgraded Feasibility Study of the proposed dam envisaged to conserve 9 BCM (7.3 MAF) of water having power production potential of 3,360 MW.

Mangla Dam Raising Project Detailed engineering and tender documentation for raising of Mangla dam by about 10 m is currently in progress. There will be augmentation of water and hydropower benefits from the project. At a cost of about 62 billion rupees, the raising project is planned to be completed by mid 2007. ACE in association with other local and expatriate firms, is providing consultancy services for the project.

Mirani Dam Project - 43 km South-West of Turbat on Dasht River in Baluchistan. The main objective of the project is to irrigate about 34,000 acres of land through an irrigation canal system based on a 410 mile network, including main canals, minor canals and water courses. ACE is a part of the consortium carrying out the project.

Greater Thal Canal Project

The project comprises a Feasibility Study, Detailed Design Works, Construction Supervision and preparation of Tender Documents. ACE is providing consultancy services along with other local

Gulpur Hydropower Project is located on Poonch River near Kotli, in AJK. This project will generate 60 MW Hydropower.

Development of Dam Construction in Pakistan

Developments of Dam Construction in Pakistan is related to the development of irrigation system and geopolitical challenges by Indus Water Treaty of 1960.

Ancient Irrigation Practice

About 5,000 ago Two ancient civilizations of the world Moiengo-Daro on lower Indus, and Harappa on the Ravi flourished on irrigation. The system was called Inundation Irrigation and required lot of maintenance By end of 19th century inundation on irrigation system comprised: Punjab: Length of Canals = 4,000 kms Area irrigated = more than 40,000 hectares Lower Indus: Area irrigated = 1.21 million hectares. First perennial canal is known to be build by Mughal Emperor Jahangir reigned (1605-27) taken from Ravi Riker

Mid 19th Century to Mid 20th Century

During British period modern irrigation system evolved by construction of weir, barrages, headworks and canal system. In 1947, at the Independence of Pakistan average annual river diversion were 8.27 billion cubic meters

Post Independence to 1962

Irrigation System was expanded to increase culturable command area to 12.6 million hectares.

Indus Basin Replacement Plan

Prior to partition water of Indus river system were primarily used in the area of Pakistan, however the head of the water of major tributaries of Indus River, I.e, Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, Jhelum and Chenab lie in India. Talking advantage India started diverting water of these river to its own area. The dispute was revolved through a treaty in 1960 called Indus Basin Treaty. According to treaty India Obtained exclusive rights over 3 eastern river: Sunlaj, Beas and Ravi reducing flows to Indus from 215.8 Bill. m3 to 175 Bill m3. Pakistan was provided necessary funds for transferring water from western rivers, the Chenab, Jhelum, and Indus main stem to make up loss of water from eastern rivers through Indus Basin Replacement Plan.

Main Component of Basin Replacement Plan

Construction of two storage dams: Mangla da on Jhelum River Tarbela dam on Indus River Six new barrages or diversion dams Eight new inter-river link canals Remodeling of a barrage at Baloki on river Indus and three existing link canal and several irrigation system.

History of Dam in Pakistan

If we exclude barrages from dams, then history of dam construction in Pakistan in short. At the time of Independence (1947) there were only 3 dams in whole country. Khushdil Khan Dam, Balochistan 1890 Spin Kariz Balochistan 1945 Namal Dam Mianwali, Punjab 1945 Construction of dams in Pakistan was initiated in 1955 by Construction of Warsak Dam on Kabul river for hydroelectric purposes. During last ____ years ____ dam have been constructed for irrigation or irrigation cum hydroelectric purpose.

Problem of Dam Engineering in Pakistan

Unsuitable topography

Due to wide rivers dams are large in size.

Detail Max. live storage B.Cu.m Length of reservoir (km) Site excavation (M. cu.m) Total earth and rockfill (M. Cu.m) Max. height (m) Crest length (kms) Saddle Embankment length (km) Mangla Dam 6.6 64 42 107 116 3.14 9.5 Tarbela Dam 11.5 80 73 136 143 2.74 1.00

Hub dam length 8.007 km. Chotiari Reservoir 46 kms.

High Floods
Increase in cost due to costly diversion during construction and large size spillways
Discharge (m3/sec) Mangla Jhelum Tarbela Indus

Max. recoded Flood (Aug. 1929) Design Flood

Spillway Capacity

28,320 73,630
31,148

27,780 60,230
42,475

Sedimentation

Average annual sediment load of Indus at Tarbela is estimated at 350 million tons Warsak dam reservoir is completely silted up with first few years. Impacts: - Reduction in useful life - Abrasion of spillways, tunnels and turbine blades.

Difficult Foundations

Gap graded river alluvium at Tarbela with open works Soft Siwalik rocks Presence of Sheared zones. Highly disturbed rocks due to tectonic activity Potential for liquification. Swelling clays at Sukian dam (Mangla)

Seismicity

Geographical position of Pakistan is within Syntaxial bends of Himalayan Organic belt. The belt is well known for its Seismic instability having been locus of four earthquakes exceeding magnitude 8.3 in past century

Devastating Earthquakes of Known History

Running of history i.e city of Taxila is about 25 AD. 1935 earthquake of Quetta resulted in loss of 30,000 lives. 1947 earthquake of Pattan killing 5,000 people. Dams are designed for a = 0.5 to 0.6 g.

Pakistan General Information

Total area of Country 1,050,000 sq. km. 662,000 sq. km Rugged mountains, narrow valleys and foothills 388,000 sq. km Sandy desert and flat alluvial of plains 303,030 sq. km Arable 202,500 sq. km Indus Plains

Massive Glaciers Emerging the Snow Clad

Himalayas have developed one of the most fascinating river system comprising. Mighty Indus, and its six tributaries Kabul Jhelum Chenab Ravi Sutlej and Beas

Challenges to Development of Irrigated Agriculture

Pakistan lies in semi-arid zone mean annual rainfall 250 mm. River flows are variable within a years and from year to year. Control of three contributing rivers taken by India

Typical layout of barrages