Solutions

Why does a raw egg swell or shrink when placed in different solutions?

Some Definitions
A solution is a

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mixture of 2 or more substances in a single phase.
One constituent is usually regarded as the SOLVENT and the others as SOLUTES.

Parts of a Solution
SOLUTE the part of a solution that is being dissolved (usually the lesser amount) SOLVENT the part of a solution that dissolves the solute (usually the greater amount) Solute + Solvent = Solution
Solute Solvent solid solid gas liquid gas gas solid liquid solid liquid liquid gas ink soda Oxygen and water vapor Example 14-K gold ring (gold and copper) seawater

Classification of Solution According to their PHASE

1. SOLID SOLUTION the particles of solids are very close to each other. This is because the molecular attraction between them is very strong. 2. LIQUID SOLUTION the particles of liquid are slightly attracted to each other. They are not very close to each other. 3. GAS SOLUTION- particles are very far from each other. The force of attraction between gas particles is negligible.

Classification of Solutions According to CONCENTRATION

Solutions can be classified as saturated or unsaturated. A saturated solution contains the maximum quantity of solute that dissolves at that temperature. An unsaturated solution contains less than the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve at a particular temperature

Example: Saturated and Unsaturated Fats

Saturated fats are called saturated because all of the bonds between the carbon atoms in a fat are single bonds. Thus, all the bonds on the carbon are occupied or saturated with hydrogen. These are stable and hard to decompose. The body can only use these for energy, and so the excess is stored. Thus, these should be avoided in diets. These are usually obtained from sheep and cattle fats. Butter and coconut oil are mostly saturated fats.

Unsaturated fats have at least one double bond between carbon atoms; monounsaturated means there is one double bond, polysaturated means there are more than one double bond. Thus, there are some bonds that can be broken, chemically changed, and used for a variety of purposes. These are REQUIRED to carry out many functions in the body. Fish oils (fats) are usually unsaturated. Game animals (chicken, deer) are usually less saturated, but not as much as fish. Olive and canola oil are monounsaturated.

SUPERSATURATED SOLUTIONS contain more solute than is possible to be dissolved Supersaturated solutions are unstable. The supersaturation is only temporary, and usually accomplished in one of two ways: 1. Warm the solvent so that it will dissolve more, then cool the solution 2. Evaporate some of the solvent carefully so that the solute does not solidify and come out of solution.

Supersaturated
One application of a supersaturated solution is the sodium acetate heat pack.

Sodium Acetate

IONIC COMPOUNDS
Compounds in Aqueous Solution
Many reactions involve ionic compounds, especially reactions in water aqueous solutions.
KMnO4 in water K+(aq) + MnO4-(aq)

Aqueous Solutions
How do we know ions are present in aqueous solutions? The solutions

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_______________ __________
ELECTROLYTES

They are called

HCl, MgCl2, and NaCl are

strong electrolytes.
They dissociate completely (or nearly so) into ions.

Aqueous Solutions
Some compounds dissolve in water but do not conduct electricity. They are called nonelectrolytes. Examples include: sugar ethanol ethylene glycol

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Its Time to Play Everyones Favorite Game Show Electrolyte or Nonelectrolyte!

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Electrolytes in the Body

Carry messages to and from the brain as electrical signals
Make your own
50-70 g sugar One liter of warm water Pinch of salt 200ml of sugar free fruit squash Mix, cool and drink

Maintain cellular
function with the correct concentrations electrolytes

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Concentration of Solutions
The relative amount of solute and solvent in a given volume of solution is called concentration.
MATHEMATICAL METHODS OF EXPRESSING THE CONCENTRATIONS OF SOLUTIONS

1. PERCENTAGE BY MASS 2. PERCENTAGE BY VOLUME 3. MOLE FRACTION 4. MOLARITY 5. MOLALITY

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Percentage by Mass
The amount of solute and solvent divided by the total mass of the solution times 100.
% by mass of solute
X 100 =Mass of the solution

Mass of solute

% by mass of solvent

X 100 = Mass of the solution

Mass of solvent

PROBLEM: Solution is prepared by mixing 20 g of sodium chloride (NaCl), and 180 g of water. What are the concentrations of the solute and the solvent in % by mass?
Step 1: Given: Mass of the solute (NaCl)=20 g Mass of solvent (water) = 180 g Mass of solution=20 g + 180 g = 200 g Step 2: Required: (a) % by mass of solute (NaCl) (b) % by mass of solvent (water)

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Step 3: Computations: Formula

(a)

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% by mass of solute

mass of the solute x 100 mass of the solution 20 g x 100 200 g 10% mass of the solvent x 100 mass of the solution 180 g x 100 200 g 90%

(b) % by mass of solvent

PROBLEM: A 120 g aqueous acid solution is labeled to contain 15% hydrochloric acid, HCl, by mass. How many grams of pure HCl are contained in the solution?
Step 1: Given: Mass of the solution = 120 g % by mass of HCl = 15%

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Step 2: Required mass of pure HCl

Step 3: Computations: Formula

% by mass HCl

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mass of HCl x 100 mass of the solution let x the mass of HCl then, x % by mass HCl x100 mass of the solution x 15% x100 120 g (15)(120g) ( x)(100) (15)(120g) x 100 x 18 g

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Percentage by Volume
The volume of solute and solvent divided by the total volume of the solution times 100.
% by volume of solute
X 100 =volume of the solution

volume of solute

% by mass of solvent

= volume of the solution

volume of solvent X 100

PROBLEM: An acid solution is prepared by mixing 500 cm3 of water and 100 cm3 of pure sulfuric acid, H2SO4. Determine the percentage by volume composition of the solution.
Step 1: Given: Volume of water = 500 cm3 Volume of sulfuric acid = 100 cm3 volume of the solution= 500 cm3 + 100 cm3 = 600 cm3 Step 2: Required: (a) % by volume of water (b) % by volume of sulfuric acid

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Step 3: Computations: Formula

(a)

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% by volume of water

volume of w ater x 100 volume of the solution 500 c m3 x 100 600 c m3 83.33% volume of sulfuric ac id x 100 volume of the solution 100 c m3 x 100 600 c m3 16.67%

(b) % by volume of sulfuric acid

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A certain brand of ready-to-drink milk is analyzed to contain 4% of butterfat by volume. What volume in cm3 of butterfat is in 500 cm3 of this milk?

Step 1: Given: volume of the milk = 500 cm3 % by volume of butterfat = 4%

Step 2: Required Volume in cm3 of the butterfat in the milk

Step 3: Computations: Formula

% by volume of the butterfat

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vol.butterfat x 100 vol. milk let x the volume of the butterfat then, x % by volumeof the butterfat x100 vol. milk x 4% x100 500 cm3 (100)(x) ( 4)(500 cm3) (4)(500cm3) x 100 x 20cm3

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How does temperature, particle size, and agitation affect how quickly something dissolves?

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