Parts of an air craft

What is an Airplane?
Aircraft
More general term Refers to any object heavier-or lighter than-air
Supported by its own buoyancy Supported by the action of air on its structures

Airplane
Heavier-than-air craft propelled by an engine Uses aerodynamic surfaces (wings) to generate lift

What is an Airplane?
Every airplane is an aircraft, but not every aircraft is an airplane.
Space shuttle Gliders Helicopters

Why So Many Types?

Every modern aircraft is built for a specific purpose.
Different altitudes Different speeds Different weight-carrying capacities Different performance

AIRCRAFT : CLASSIFICATION AND PARTS

5. CLASSIFICATION BY PURPOSE A. CIVIL B. CARGO C. MILITARY I. BOMBERS II. FIGHTERS III. INTERCEPTORS

 Jet fighters

Why So Many Types?

Relatively lightweight Highly maneuverable and very fast Carry small amount of weight, including fuel Must refuel on long flights

Passenger airplanes
Larger, carry more weight, fly longer distances Less maneuverable and slower

Why So Many Types?

Wing types

Why So Many Types?

Speed
The speed of sound is dependent on altitude and atmospheric conditions Mach is the term used to specify how many times the speed of sound an aircraft is traveling Subsonic: Less than Mach 1 Transonic: Mach .9 to Mach 1.5 Supersonic: All speeds above Mach 1 Hypersonic: All speeds greater than Mach 5

Air Port Components

Runways Taxiways Hangar Apron Terminal building Air traffic control Devices

 Five basic structural components

Fuselage Wings Empennage (tail structures) Propulsion system Undercarriage

Parts of an Airplane

Airplane Parts

Fuselage Wings Elevator Ailerons Rudder Flaps Horizontal Stabilizer Vertical Stabilizer

P-51D Mustang

Airplane Parts continued

Engine Propeller Engine Cowel Cockpit Landing Gear Nose Gear Spinner

P-38

PARTS OF AEROPLANE

Fuselage

The body of the airplane that all the other parts are attached to. Can be made of many different substances such as aluminum or wood.
Wood Fuselage of Model Airplane

Fuselage
Contains
Cockpit or flight deck Passenger compartment Cargo compartment

Produces a little lift, but can also produce a lot of drag

AIRCRAFT : CLASSIFICATION AND PARTS

4. TYPES OF FUSELAGE ROUND SQUARE OVAL

Wings
The part of the plane that creates lift and controls roll. Has a rounded leading edge and tapered trailing edge which helps create lift. The wing design uses Bernoullis Principle. Wing

Bernoullis Principle
As the wing passes through the air, the curved upper part makes the air speed up because it has further to go than air passing under the wing. As the air speeds up on top of the wing, low pressure is created. The higher pressure under the wing creates lift.

Bernoullis Principle Diagram

Wings
Also carries the fuel Designed so that the outer tips of the wings are higher than where the wings are attached to the fuselage Called the dihedral Helps keep the airplane from rolling unexpectedly

Wings

AIRCRAFT : CLASSIFICATION AND PARTS

CASIFICATION BY CONFIGURATION 1. POSITION OF THE WING LOW WING MID WING HIGH WING

NUMBER OF WINGS MONO PLANE BI PLANE TRI PLANE

SHAPE OF THE WINGS

DELTA WING DIAMOND WING SWEPT WING GULL SHAPED WING

AIRCRAFT : CLASSIFICATION
3. CLASSIFICATION BY POWER PLANTS A. POWER PLANT TYPES PISTON ENGINE TURBO PROP TURBO SHAFT TURBO JET TURBO FAN ROCKET B. NUMBER OF ENGINES
SINGLE ENGINE TWO ENGINE MULTI ENGINE NOSE FUSELAGE JET ENGINE SUBMERGED IN WING PYLON MOUNTING

C. LOCATION OF THE ENGINES

AIRFOIL
AIRFOIL IS A SURFACE DESIGNED TO OBTAIN A DESIRABLE REACTION FROM THE AIR THROUGH WHICH IT MOVES

AIRFOIL GEOMETRY

CHORD LINE MEAN CAMBER LINE ANGLE OF ATTACK

Four Forces
Lift - Provides the force to overcome gravity
and raise the airplane.

Gravity - force from the Earth that pulls

down.

Thrust Force that moves the airplane

forward; it overcomes drag.

Drag- Friction of air on all the planes outer

surfaces to slow it down.

FOUR FORCES OF FLIGHT

DRAG
Drag is the resolved component of the complete aerodynamic force which is parallel to the flight direction (or relative oncoming airflow).
It must always act to oppose the direction of motion. It is the undesirable component of the aerodynamic force while lift is the desirable component

TYPES OF DRAG

Wing Designs
Straight Wing Found mostly on small, lowspeed airplanes Good lift at low speeds Not suited to high speeds Creates a lot of drag because the wing is perpendicular to the airflow Provides good, stable flight Cheap and can be made lighter

 Sweepback

Wing Designs

Used on most high-speed airplanes Less drag, but more unstable at low speeds Amount of sweep depends on the purpose of the airplane

Commercial airliner has moderate sweep High speed airplanes (e.g., fighters) have moderate sweep No forward sweep wings are in mass production

Wing Designs
Delta Wings Looks like a large triangle from above Can reach high speeds Landing speeds are very fast Wing shape found on the supersonic transport Concord

 Swing Wing

Wing Designs

This design combines the high lift characteristics of a straight wing with the ability of the sweepback wing to move at high speeds During landing and takeoff, wing swings into an almost straight position During cruise, wing swings into a sweepback Hinges that enable wings to swing are very heavy

Wing Components
Trailing edge equipped with flaps
Move backward and downward Increase the area of the wing and the camber of the airfoil Different from the ailerons, also located on the trailing edge of the wing

Wing Components
Slats Located on the leading edge Slide forward and increase the area of the wing and the camber of the airfoil Flaps and slats Used during takeoff and landing Increase lift at slower speeds.

Wing Components

Wing Components
Spoilers
Located on the top of the wings Opposite effect from flaps and slats Reduce lift by disrupting the airflow over the top of the wing Deployed after the airplane has landed and lift is no longer needed Increase drag

Empennage
Also known as the tail assembly Provides stability and control Two main parts Vertical stabilizer (fin) to which the rudder is attached Horizontal stabilizer to which elevators are attached

Controls
Instruments and Controls
Supply information Altitude Direction Provide control Steering in the air and on the ground Engine power Braking

Controls

Yaw, Pitch, and Roll

Roll rolling motion

Yaw side to side

Pitch up and down

AILERON
Longitudinal axis extends lengthwise from the nose through the tail. Movement about the longitudinal axis is called roll. Roll is controlled by the ailerons.

 Roll is controlled by the ailerons Used to raise and lower the wings Controls to control the direction of wind blowing over and under it.

Turning the control wheel left causes the left aileron to raise and lowers the right aileron. The plane rolls left.

Turning the control wheel right causes the right aileron to raise and lowers the left aileron. The plane rolls right.

ELEVATOR
Lateral axis extends crosswise from wingtip through wingtip. Movement about the lateral axis is called pitch. Pitch is controlled by the elevator.

 Pitch is controlled by the elevators on the tail Controls of the plane. They are controlled by the control wheel (i.e., stick).
If the wheel or stick is pulled back, the elevators go up, causing the nose to point up and the plane to climb. If the wheel or stick is pushed forward, the elevators go down, causing the nose to point down and the plane to lose altitude.

RUDDER
Vertical axis passes vertically through the center of gravity (when the aircraft is in level flight). Movement about the vertical axis is called yaw. Yaw is controlled by the rudder.

 Yaw is controlled by the rudder. The right foot pedal turns the rudder to the right. This action causes the tail to yaw to the left and the nose to yaw to the right.

Controls

To smoothly bank a plane or to turn it turn left or right, the pilot uses the ailerons and the rudder together.

Horizontal Stabilizer

Horizontal with the fuselage. Helps airplane maintain level flight.

Horizontal Stabilizer

Vertical Stabilizer
Vertical to the horizontal stabilizer. Helps to airplane maintain level flight.

Vertical Stabilizer

Controls
On the ground, the planes direction is controlled by steering the nose wheel. Pilots use their feet on the rudder pedals to control the ground movement The rudder pedals are also used to apply the brakes.

Engine

Turns the propeller at high RPMs to increase thrust.

Cessna Skyhawk Engine Jet Engine Model Airplane Engine

Engine Cowel

A cover to protect the engine and make the plane aerodynamic.

Top View Side View

Engine Cowel

Propulsion System
Provides thrust for the airplane Many different types of engines
Piston engines and propellers Turboprop Turbojet Turbofan jet

TURBOPROP

PUSHER

TURBOFAN

TURBOJET

TURBOJET WITH AFTERBURNER

ROCKET ENGINE
LIQUID FUEL

SOLID FUEL

Propeller
Uses the principle of a wing to create thrust to move the airplane forward. Can have different number of blades on propeller. Design is similar to an airfoil.

Propulsion
Tractor type : engine and propeller are in the front Pusher type : engine and propeller are behind the wing

Spinner

A pointed cone available attached to the propeller to reduce air drag. Available in different sizes.
Spinner

Undercarriage
Also known as the landing gear, which is made up of
Struts Wheels Brakes

Can be fixed or retractable

Undercarriage
Required to

Enable to manoeuvre on the ground absorb the shocks during landing

Landing Gear
A frame with wheels that allow the plane to takeoff and land. Some airplanes have retractable landing Landing Gear gear.

Nose Gear
The front landing gear when the plane has three wheels to land.

Nosegear

Boeing 757 Nosegear

Image Resources
Microsoft, Inc. (2008). Clip art. Retrieved June 24, 2009, from http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/clipart/default.aspx

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (n.d.). Virtual skies: Aeronautics tutorial. Retrieved June 24, 2009, from http://virtualskies.arc.nasa.gov/aeronautics/tutorial/intro.html