Promotion

Promotion is the advancement of an employee to a better job in terms of great responsibilities , more prestige or status, greater skill and specialty , increased rate of pay or salary. According to E.B. flippo promotion involves a change from one job to another that is better in the terms of status and responsibilities.

Cause of promotion

Reward of faithfulness Reward of work To satisfy their ambition To take benefit of their experience To raise productivity To develop leadership To reduce labour turnover To motivate R & D For effective public relation

Basis of promotion

Promotion according to seniority :

Seniority means the calculations of time from when an employee has joined the company and served for how many years in the company.
When the promotion is given an employee after examining his qualification like expertise work speed ,enthusiasm, knowledge etc.

Promotion according to merits :

Demotion

Demotion means the assignment of an individual to a job of lower rank and pay uaully involving lower level of difficulty and responsibility.

Causes of demotion

When employee becomes is proved inefficient When employee becomes physically disabled When a worker becomes permanently disabled When promotion was temparary Misuse of power Frequently indiscipline Government policy

Effect of demotion

Reduction in salary and power It adversely affects the ego Negative feeling about the officers Non co operation Reduces the zeal to do work Inspire fellow workers in the wrong direction

Transfer

According to Dale yoder transfer means a lateral shift causing movement of individual from one position to another without involving any moved change in duties responsibilities, skills, needs or compensation. According to Edwin b. flippo a change in job where the new job in sustantially be equal to the old in terms of pay, status and responsibilities.

Causes of transfer

Unscientific recruitment Departmental requirement Rise in qualification Problem of accidents Physical climate Temporary transfers In the case of malpractices, theft. To control undue advantage To prevent indiscipline To prevent tiredness

Effects of transfer

Positive effects

Negative effects

Reduces the monotony of work Progress of worker Successful manpower planning Reduces the default Awareness among the workers Equally in work distribution Maximum use of resources Motivate the research Increase in training cost Backlog of work The worker resists the change of place, work Non co-operation of worker Problem of interrelationship Negative concept