MPD/FFO/Lect_3

Newtons law of viscosity,

Pressure and temperature dependence of
viscosity
MPD/FFO/Lect_3
Viscosity
Viscosity is a property that represents the
internal resistance of a fluid to motion.


Ethanol
Water
Honey
Sludge
Slurry
Pastes
MPD/FFO/Lect_3
Newtons Law of Viscosity
Velocity Gradient
= AU/AY
MPD/FFO/Lect_3
Velocity gradient
MPD/FFO/Lect_3
Newtons Law of Viscosity
Shear stress acts tangentially to the
surface (F=tangential force).
F
F
A
area tangential
force shear
= t
AX
MPD/FFO/Lect_3
Newtons Law of Viscosity
Newtons law of viscosity states that
Shear stress is directly proportional to velocity
gradient


t o AU/AY
t = AU/AY
= Viscosity of the fluid
Unit of
Kg/m.s
Poise
Pa.s

1 Poise = 1g/cm. s
MPD/FFO/Lect_3
Role of Viscosity
Statics
Fluids at rest have no relative motion between
layers of fluid and thus du/dy = 0
Therefore the shear stress is _____ and is
independent of the fluid viscosity
Flows
Fluid viscosity is very important when the fluid
is moving
zero
MPD/FFO/Lect_3
Kinematic viscosity v
The ratio / appears in many equations.
Kinematic viscosity v (pronounced: new)

v =
Gases: Viscosity increases with
increasing temperature, why?
Liquids: Viscosity decreases with
increasing temperature, why?
MPD/FFO/Lect_3
Kinematic viscosity
Units
m
2
/s
Stokes =cm
2
/s
MPD/FFO/Lect_3
Temperature and pressure
dependency of viscosity
Viscosity will also change with pressure -
but under normal conditions this change is
negligible in gasses
High pressure can also change the
viscosity of a liquid. As pressure increases
the relative movement of molecules
requires more energy hence viscosity
increases
MPD/FFO/Lect_3
Temperature and pressure
dependence of viscosity
Viscosity of Newtonian fluids depends only on
temperature and pressure

) P P ( exp
T T
T T
R
E
exp ) P , T (
o
o
o
0
|
(

A
=
Where o:viscosity at To and Po
(reference temperature and pressure)
AE: activation energy for flow
R: gas constant
|:material property [m2/N]
MPD/FFO/Lect_3
Kinematic Viscosity of Water vs. Temp
Temp (
o
C) Viscosity (m
2
/s)
0 1.79 x 10
-3
10 1.31 x 10
-3
20 1.00 x 10
-3
30 7.97x 10
--4
40 6.5 x 10
-4
50 5.55 x 10
-4


MPD/FFO/Lect_3
Atoms
Molecules - Atoms
bonded together
MPD/FFO/Lect_3
Mixture Different atoms
not bonded together
Element One type of atom
Compound Different atoms
bonded together (molecules)
MPD/FFO/Lect_3
Compound
Different atoms in fixed proportions
1Y 1R 1B 2R 1G 1Y 1G
MPD/FFO/Lect_3
Element
Atoms of the
same type
Gas
Liquid
MPD/FFO/Lect_3
Liquid Atoms can move around
but are attracted together
Cold liquid Hot liquid
MPD/FFO/Lect_3
Gases Large spaces between atoms
Cold gas Hot gas
MPD/FFO/Lect_3
Gases fill the whole space
MPD/FFO/Lect_3
MPD/FFO/Lect_3
Liquids fill containers
from the bottom
MPD/FFO/Lect_3
Next Lecture
Numerical based on viscosity of fluids




Come with calculator


MPD/FFO/Lect_3
Boundary Layer Effects

As a fluid flows past the rigid walls of a channel or a over a bed it is affected
by retarding stresses exerted by the bounding surfaces. The region of the
flow in contact with the bed or walls of the channel is the boundary layer.