CE 251 (Solid Mechanics)

Lecture-3 Definition, notation, stress symmetry, deviator stress, equilibrium equations

Anil Mandariya

Fundamentals of Tensor Analysis

Concepts of Scalar, Vector, and Tensor:

Elasticity theory is formulated in terms of many different types of variables that are either specified or sought at spatial points in the body under study . These variables are scalar, vector and matrix quantities.
Scalar quantities, : A physical quantity that can be completely described by a real number. Representing a single magnitude at each point in space. Exa. , E etc. Vector quantities, a: A physical quantity that has both direction and length. Expressible in 2-D & 3-D coordinate system. Exa. diplacement + rotation of material points Anil Mandariya 2

 Tensor A: More then 3-components requires to quantify. Exa. Stress, strain etc. Defines an 2nd order operation that transforms a vector to another vector. Scalar: Zero order tensor Vector: 1st order tensor Matrix: 2nd order tensor A 2nd order tensor is a linear operator that transforms a vector a into another vector b through a dot product.

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Definition of stress at a point:

Consider a general body subjected to forces acting on its surface. Pass a fictitious plane Q through the body, cutting the body along surface A

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 Let the force that is transmitted through an incremental area A of A by the part on the positive side Q be denoted by F. The force F may be resolved into components FN and Fs, along unit normal N and unit tangent S, respectively, to the plane Q. FN = normal (perpendicular) force on area A and Fs = shear (tangential) force on A. The forces F, FN, and Fs depend on the area A and the orientation of plane Q. F/ A = average stress; FN / A = average normal stress; Fs / A = average shear stress acting on area A.
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 The concept of stress at a point is obtained by letting A become an infinitesimal. The limiting ratio of F/A as A goes to zero defines the stress vector . Thus, the stress vector is given by : The stress vector (also called the traction vector) always lies along the limiting direction of the force vector F, which in general is neither perpendicular nor tangent to the plane Q. Norman stress vector = Shear stress vector =
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Stress Notation :
Stress Tensor : Traction
Traction is a vector, whose direction and magnitude depend on how the surface S is obtained, or the direction of S.

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i represent the normal to the plane where stress acting and j represent the direction of stress.
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Unit Dyads

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Symmetry of Stress Components:

As each part of deformable body remains in equilibrium so

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 If the nine stress components relative to rectangular coordinate axes (x, y, z) may be tabulated in array form as follows:

Summation of moments leads to the result:

Only six components of stress are required to describe the state of stress at a point in a member.

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 The stress vectors x, y, and z on planes that are perpendicular, respectively to the x, y, and z axes are:

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Deviator stress:
Mean stress (m) = (x + y + z)/3

Imagine hydrostatic type of stress having all the normal stresses equal to m and all the shear stresses zero. Stress tensor = Hydrostatic stress (spherical stress) + Deviatorial stress tensor
m 0 0
-m

0 0

m 0

0 m

-m -m

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 The deviatorial part of stress produces all the changes of shape in the body and finally causes failure.

The spherical part is rather harmless, produces only uniform volume changes without any change of shape, and does not cause failure.

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Differential equations of motion of a deformable body and Equations of equilibrium:

Consider a general deformable body Choose a differential volume element at point o in the body.

We choose rectangular coordinate axes (x, y, z) whose directions are parallel to the edges of the volume element.

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 To write the differential equations of motion, each stress component must be multiplied by the area on which it acts and each body force must be multiplied by the volume of the element since (Bx, By, Bz) have dimensions of force per unit volume.

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 Summation of forces in the x direction gives:

Summation of forces in the y and z directions yields similar results. The three equations of motion are thus:

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