Agenda.

1. 10.00. 11.00. Introduction to paint technology.

2. 11.00. 12.00. Surface Preparation and Paint Application

3. 12.00. 13.00. On Board Maintenance.

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Introduction. Course Presenter.

Doug Gilbert. I am International Paints Regional Marine Technical Manager, for UK, Germany and Benelux. I have worked in corrosion control industries since 1976. I have been with International Paint Marine for 23 years, and held various technical positions, all of them involved with ship painting, both at new build, M&R and during OBM. I spent 6 years seconded to BP working as a coating superintendent.

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Introduction to Paint

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Why are ships painted?

Corrosion Protection. Paint is the primary means of protecting the steel from corrosion. It does this by acting as a barrier between the steel and the environment. (Atmosphere or seawater or cargo.) It excludes both oxygen and water, and has a high electrical impedance. However all paints are porous and break down over time. To make anticorrosive paints last, they must have barrier properties and they must be applied at the specified thickness.

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Why are ships painted? Corrosion Protection.

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Why are ships painted? Cosmetic Appearance. Cosmetic Appearance.

This is important to vetting inspectors and corporate image. It is not a trivial issue. However all cosmetic finishes fade with time, and must be over-coated to maintain standards. This can be done either at dry-dockings or during scheduled on board maintenance. Cosmetic paints must have good colourfast pigments.

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Why are ships painted? Cosmetic Appearance

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Why are ships painted?

Antifouling. Ships have to maintain a clean hull to reduce drag when sailing. Drag causes loss of speed and increases fuel costs and CO2 emissions. Antifoulings work by leaching biocide into the water, or by achieving a non-stick surface. To do this they require special binders and pigments.

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Why are ships painted? Antifouling.

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Why are ships painted?

Cargo Protection. Product and chemical tankers must have tank linings to protect the steel from the cargo. They also protect the cargo from cross contamination with other cargoes. Coatings must be easy to clean. To do this the binders and pigments have to be resistant to a wide range of chemicals.

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Why are ships painted? Cargo Protection.

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Abrasion resistance.

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Why are ships painted?

Abrasion resistance to ice damage.

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Why are ships painted?

Specialist reasons. Cargo abrasion resistance.

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Why are ships painted?

Specialist Reasons. Low solar absorption. Radar attenuation. Fire retarding & protection. Safety. Non-slip decks.

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Why are ships painted?

Non-skid coatings. Many deep sea ships have heli decks or heli winch pad areas.

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Why are ships painted

All paints are especially formulated by the chemists for a specific job.

They do this by using different types of binders, pigments and solvents.

Different types of paint are not interchangeable. It is therefore vital that you use the correct product for the job. It must also be applied at the correct thickness.

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

What is Paint?

ISO4618-1 A pigmented COATING MATERIAL in liquid, paste or powder form which when applied to a SUBSTRATE forms an opaque FILM having protective, decorative or specific technical properties
All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

History of Paint
40,000 BC Blood, Egg, Animal Fat 3000 BC Urushiol based lacquer (China) 0-500 AD Linseed Oil Based products 1920s 1920s 1950s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s Alkyds Ureaformaldehyde Chemistry Isocyanate Chemistry Epoxy Chemistry Silicates SPC TBT technology Isocyanate replacements

1990s

Tin free antifoulings

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Paint Composition

BINDER (RESIN)

PIGMENTS

SOLVENT

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Binders
Paints are generally named by their binder component Acrylic Alkyd Chlorinated Rubber Epoxy Epoxy Phenolic Polysiloxane Polyurethane Vinyl Zinc Silicate + more!

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Binder Function
Binder used determines physical and chemical properties of the coating Binder forms a continuous adherent film It can be modified using plasticisers to provide additional physical or chemical properties, e.g. flexibility Must be present in paint formulation, no binder = no paint

LIQUID RESINS

SOLID POLYESTER COAL TAR

SOLID EPOXY RESINS

Marine Coatings

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Binder Classification
Binders can be classified into the following 2 groups:

1.
2.

Non-Convertible Resin Systems

Convertible Resin Systems

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Non-Convertible Binders
High molecular weight molecules. Must be dissolved in solvent Drying mechanism is solvent evaporation only Once dried, it is possible to redissolve the film using the appropriate solvent Undergo no chemical reaction during drying

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Non-convertible coatings
Non convertible coating types are:

1. Chlorinated Rubbers
Interchlor

2. Vinyls
Interprime 65 Intertuf 203.

3. Bituminous
Intertuf 16

4. Acrylics
Intersheen 579 Acrylate antifouling binders

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Pros and Cons of non-convertible coatings

PROS Dry at a wide range of temperatures Single pack Products CONS Low Solids High VOCs Multiple coats required to achieve film build Thermoplastic Long overcoating intervals Poor Solvent Resistance

Simple to Use

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Properties of Non-Convertible Coatings

Paint Type Mechanical Properties Cosmetic Properties Overcoatability

Acrylic
Chlorinated Rubber Bituminous Vinyl Paint Type

Moderate
Moderate Poor Good

Very Good
Moderate N/A Good Resistance to

Good
Very Good Very Good Very Good

Water Acrylic Chlorinated Rubber Bituminous Vinyl Moderate Good Very Good Good

Acid Good Good Good Good

Alkali Good Good Good Good

Solvent Poor Poor Very Poor Moderate

Marine Coatings

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Convertible Binders
Dry by a chemical reaction Oxidative Drying Moisture Curing Multi-pack Systems Can not be redissolved in solvent once dried Binders are low molecular weight molecules

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Convertible Coating Types

Oxidative Drying Alkyd Interlac 665 Interprime 198 Epoxy Ester Urethanes Moisture Curing Zinc Silicates Interplate 937 Interplate 855 Interplate Zero Multi Pack Systems Epoxy Intergard 343 Intershield 300 Intergard 263 Polyester Polyurethane Interthane 990 Silicone Hybrid Interfine 979

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Binder Cure Mechanisms (Oxidative Drying)

Oil chains contain double bonds Drying mechanism is by radical addition of oxygen across these double bonds Binders can be modified to improve properties

Oil length determines drying time and mechanical properties Short oil = Fast Drying Long oil = Slow drying
Drier additives can be added to accelerate drying

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Binder Cure Mechanisms (Moisture Cure)

Drying mechanism is by reaction of water in the atmosphere with a functional group on the binder chain Relies on having sufficient humidity in the atmosphere (usually >50%RH) Functional Group can be: Silyl functional group (Silicones/Silicates)
Zinc silicates, heat resistant silicones, shop primers

Urethane functional groups (Urethanes)

Moisture cure urethanes, polyurethanes etc.

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Binder cure mechanisms (Multipack systems)

Drying mechanism is a chemical reaction between functional groups to form a large polymer network Some mechanisms are: Epoxy Reaction with Amine, Isocyanate, Acrylic or Homopolymerisation Polyurethane Reaction of Polyester or Acrylic with Isocyanate Silicone/Organic Hybrids ***Proprietary Information***

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Pros and Cons of Convertible Coatings

Not simple to list

Technologies should be selected for end-use

Very easy to get wrong!!!

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Properties of Convertible Coatings

Paint Type Mechanical Properties Cosmetic Properties Overcoatability

Alkyd
Epoxy Epoxy Phenolic Polyurethane Zinc Silicate Paint Type

Moderate
Very Good Very Good Very Good Very Good

Good
Poor N/A Very Good N/A Resistance to

Good
Poor Poor Moderate Variable

Water

Acid

Alkali

Solvent

Alkyd
Epoxy Polyurethane

Moderate
Good Good

Poor
Very Good Excellent Very Good

Poor
Very Good Excellent Very Good

Moderate
Very Good Excellent Very Good

Epoxy Phenolic Good

Zinc Silicate

Very Good

Very Poor

Very Poor

Excellent
Marine Coatings

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Pigments
Pigments are finely ground solids They are held within the binder network They impart a specific property to the paint

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Pigments
When added to the binder: Give Colour to the film Provide Opacity Protect the binder against UV Provide film strength Modify Rheology of the paint Release effects Anti-corrosion/Antifoulings Provide conductivity Provide barrier properties

ISO4618-1 A pigmented COATING MATERIAL in liquid, paste or powder from which when applied to a SUBSTRATE forms an opaque FILM having protective, decorative or specific technical properties

***A PAINT WITHOUT PIGMENTS IS A VARNISH***

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Pigment Types
Prime Pigments Provide Colour Provide Opacity Protect binder from UV Categorised as Organic or Inorganic Extender Pigments Provide film strength Improve application properties Improve physical properties Reduce gloss Improve rheology Maintain PVC of the coating Functional Pigments Provide Corrosion Resistance Provide Impermeability Aid Fire Retardancy Provide Antifouling performance Provide Conductivity

Pigmentary Additives Control rheology Reduce Gloss Stabilise binders Moisture scavengers

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

PRIME PIGMENTS

TITANIUM DIOXIDE

PHTHALOCYANINE BLUE
All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Prime pigments in Binder

RED PIGMENT BINDER

x1000

Steel
View of the coloring pigment particles held in the paint film

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Prime Pigments and protection

Water

Oxygen

Water

Oxygen

Steel

Simplified view of the pigment particles held in the paint film

Unrestricted access to the steel Prime pigments do not provide anticorrosion protection
All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Extender Pigments

CHALK

MICA

TALC
All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

BARYTES
Marine Coatings

Extender Pigments in a coating film

Note: These chemically inert materials do not prevent access of water and oxygen to the substrate

x1000

Steel

View of the extending pigment particles held in the paint film

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Functional Pigments (Anti-Corrosive)

ZINC DUST

ZINC PHOSPHATE

Anti-Corrosive Pigments Protect metal substrates by either chemical or electrochemical means

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Functional Pigments (Barrier)

Pigments have a large surface area, with small thickness (like a piece of paper) Increases the impermeability of the coating to water, oxygen and ions

Micaceous Iron Oxide

Aluminium

Glass Flake

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Barrier Pigments Protective mechanism

Restricted access to the steel increased critical path length
Pigment adding to the anticorrosive protection

WATER IONS WATER

OXYGEN

Steel Simplified view of the barrier pigment particles held in the paint film
All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Solvents
Volatile Liquids used to dissolve solid resins and aid achieving an acceptable application consistency.

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Role of Solvents
Solvents completely dissolve or disperse the binder They are not interchangeable. Thinning or cleaning solvent for one binder will not necessarily work on another binder Solvents reduce the viscosity of the paint for application On drying, the solvent evaporates from the film: it plays no part in the dry film Can use solvents to impart specific properties on the paint: Pot life extension Surface Flow and gloss Tack time

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Factors affecting drying of paint

Temperature

Air Replacement
Film Thickness

Paint Mixing
Humidity

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Factors affecting Drying Temperature

The rate of evaporation of solvents increases with temperature As a general rule, drying times halve with every 10C rise in temperature At very low temperatures, some coating types have a drying rate which is too slow to be practicable The longer a coating remains wet or un-cured, the greater it is at risk from the elements At low temperature, pot life of two pack water based products is reduced

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Factors affecting Drying Air Replacement

Once the air in an enclosed space is saturated with solvent vapour, further evaporation of solvent is not possible If solvent is retained in the coating film, the drying reaction may be retarded. However the reaction does not stop completely If the drying reaction proceeds too long with trapped solvent in the film, the dried film will be porous and spongy

A porous and spongy film will have reduced mechanical properties

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Factors affecting Drying Air Movement

Good air movement is essential to prevent the localised build-up of solvent vapour Essential for good drying and strong film formation Critical for Water based products

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Factors affecting Drying Film thickness

Film thickness has a dramatic effect on drying Doubling the film thickness from 125 to 250 microns doubles the drying time For an epoxy deck coating: Film Thickness Touch Dry Time Hard Dry Time 120 microns 140 microns 210 microns 2.75 hours 3 hours 6 hours 15 hours 17.5 hours 27 hours

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Large scale manufacture

As one of the largest paint manufacturers, we make our paint on a large scale At Felling, we manufacture: 500 000 LT/week 28 000 000 LT/year for the marine business

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Felling Site

Raw Material Storage

Manufacturing

Warehousing

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Raw Material Storage

10,000 lt. solvent tanks

Palletized pigments

0.5 and 1 tonne bags of powder/ resins

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

High Speed Dispersers

High Speed Dispersion Machines 4,500 to 9,000lt Capacity

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Large Scale Paint Manufacture

Charging of powder and dispersion in progress

Let down tanks 12,000 to 10,000 LT

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Large Scale Paint Manufacture

Bottom of let down tanks and filling pipe-work

Extensive Quality Assurance checks prior to and after filling

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings

Large Scale Paint Manufacture

20 lt. Antifouling filling line

Auto. computer controlled filling

Auto. Sealing and labeling

Auto. Stacking palletizing

Auto. Filling/labeling of 2.5 and 5 lt cans

Marine Coatings

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Questions?

All products supplied and technical advice or recommendations given are subject to our standard Conditions of Sale.

Marine Coatings