Calculation of Total Pressure Required For Transport

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Ques. 1.
A gas pipeline, NPS 16 with 0.250 in. wall thickness, 50 mi long, transports natural gas (specific gravity=0.6 and viscosity =0.000008 lb/ft-s) at a flow rate of 100 MMSCFD at an inlet temperature of 60F. Assuming isothermal flow, calculate the inlet pressure required if the required delivery pressure at the pipeline terminus is 870 psig. The base pressure and base temperature are 14.7 psia and 60F, respectively.

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 Use the Colebrook equation with pipe roughness of 0.0007 in. Case AConsider no elevation changes along the pipeline length.

Case BConsider elevation changes as follows: inlet elevation of 100 ft and elevation at delivery point of 450 ft, with elevation at the midpoint of 250 ft.
As an initial approximation use average pressure as 110 % more than the output pressure.

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Sol.

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 Solving gives : inlet pressure as 1008.34 psia or 993.64 psig.

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 Pipe analysis

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BARLOWS EQUATION
When a circular pipe is subject to internal pressure, the pipe material at any point will have two stress components at right angles to each other. The larger of the two stresses is known as the hoop stress. Hence, it is also called the circumferential stress. The other stress is the axial stress, which acts in a direction parallel to the pipe axis.

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THICK-WALLED PIPES
Consider a thick-walled pipe with an outside diameter DO and inside diameter of Di, subject to an internal pressure of P. The greatest stress in the pipe wall will be found to occur in the circumferential direction near the inner surface of the pipe. This stress can be calculated from the following equation:

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 In the limiting case, a thin-walled pipe is one in which the wall thickness is very small compared to the diameter Do. In this case (t/D ) is small compared to 1 and, therefore, can be neglected. Therefore, the approximation for thin walled pipes becomes

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Q. 2.
A gas pipeline is subject to an internal pressure of 1400 psig. It is constructed of steel pipe with 24 in. outside diameter and 0.75 in. wall thickness. Calculate the maximum hoop stress in the pipeline, considering both the thin-walled approach and the thick-walled equation. What is the error in assuming that the pipe is thin walled?

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Lecture 8

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Calculation of Internal Design Pressure

The following form of Barlows equation is used in design codes for petroleum/gas transportation systems to calculate the allowable internal pressure in a pipeline based upon given diameter, wall thickness, and pipe material.

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1.Specified Minimum yield stress

Steel pipes are generally used in gas pipeline systems .They generally conform to API 5LX specifications. These are manufactured in grades ranging from X42 to X90 with SMYS

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Calculation of Seam Joint Factor

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Calculation of Design Factor (F)

Design factor of a pipeline is obtained by making the use of class location. The class location unit (CLU) is defined as an area that extends 220 yards on either side of the center line of a 1-mi section of pipe, as indicated in Figure.

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CLASS LOCATION

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 Class 1 Offshore gas pipelines are Class 1 locations. For onshore pipelines, any class location unit that has 10 or fewer buildings intended for human occupancy is termed Class 1. Class 2 This is any class location unit that has more than 10 but fewer than 46 buildings intended for human occupancy.

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 Class 3 This is any class location unit that has 46 or more buildings intended for human occupancy Class 4 This is any class location unit where buildings with four or more stories above ground exist.

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Temperature Deration Factors

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 Example 2 A gas pipeline is constructed of API 5L, X65 steel, NPS 16, 0.250 in. wall thickness. Calculate the MAOP of this pipeline for class 1 through class 4 locations. Use a temperature deration factor of 1.00.

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MAINLINE VALVES
Mainline valves are installed in gas pipelines so that portions of the pipeline can be isolated for testing leakage and maintenance. Valves are also necessary to separate sections of pipe and minimize gas loss that can occur due to pipe rupture from construction damage. The following lists the maximum spacing between mainline valves in gas transmission piping. These are taken from ASME B31.8 code

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 It can be seen from the preceding that the valve spacing is shorter as the pipeline traverses high-population areas.

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HYDROSTATIC TEST PRESSURE

When a pipeline is designed to operate at a certain MOP, it must be tested to ensure that it is structurally sound and can withstand safely the internal pressure before being put into service. Generally, gas pipelines are hydro tested with water by filling the test section of the pipe with water and pumping the pressure up to a value higher than the MAOP and holding it at this test pressure for a period of 4 to 8 hours.

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 The magnitude of the test pressure is usually 125% of the max. operating pressure. Thus, a pipeline designed to operate continuously at 1000 psig will be hydro tested to a minimum pressure of 1250 psig. If the pipeline is designed to be below ground, the test pressure is held constant for a period of 8 hours . Above-ground pipelines are tested for a period of 4 hours.

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Ques.
Consider a pipeline NPS 24, with 0.375 in. wall thickness, constructed of API 5L X65 pipe. Using a temperature deration factor of 1.00,and class 1 location , calculate MAOP, and the hydrostatic test pressure.

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 So , Hydrostatic pressure = 1.25 *1462.5 = 1828.125psig

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BLOWDOWN CALCULATIONS
The objective of the blow down valve assembly is to remove gas from the pipeline once the pipe section is isolated by closing the mainline block valves . AGA recommends the following equation to estimate the blow down time:

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QUES
Calculate the blow down time required for an NPS 6, 0.250 in. wall thickness, blow down assembly on an NPS 24 pipe, 0.500 in. wall thickness, considering a 5 mi pipe section starting at a pressure of 1000 psia. The gas gravity is 0.6 and choke factor = 1.8.

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DETERMINING PIPE TONNAGE

Frequently in pipeline design, we are interested in knowing the amount of pipe used so that we can determine the total cost of pipe. A convenient formula for calculating the weight per unit length of pipe used by pipe vendors is given in Equation

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 The constant 10.68 in the above Eqn. includes the density of steel and, therefore, the equation is only applicable to steel pipe. For other pipe material, we can ratio the densities to obtain the pipe weight for non steel pipe.

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 Example 5 Calculate the total amount of pipe in a 10 mi pipeline, NPS 20, 0.500 in wall thickness. If pipe costs $700 per ton, determine the total pipeline cost. 1 MILE = 5280 ft. 1 Ton= 2000 lb.

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Solution : w = 10.68 0.500 (20 0.500) = 104.13 lb/ft

Therefore, the total pipe tonnage in 10 miles of pipe is

Tonnage = 104.13 5280 10/2000 = 2749.03 tons Total pipeline cost = 2679 700 = $1924322.4

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 Example 6 A 60 km pipeline consists of 20 km of DN 500, 12 mm wall thickness pipe connected to a 40 km length of DN 400, 10 mm wall thickness pipe. What are the total metric tons of pipe?

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 w = 0.0246 12 (500 12) = 144.06 kg/m and the weight per meter of DN 400 pipe is: w = 0.0246 10 (400 10) = 95.94 kg/m Therefore, the total pipe weight for 20 km of DN 500 pipe and 40 km of DN 400 pipe is : Weight = (20 144.06) + (40 95.94) = 6719 tons

Total metric tons = 6719

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 Example 7 Calculate the MOP for NPS 16 pipeline, 0.250 in wall thickness, constructed of API 5LX-52 steel. What minimum wall thickness is required for an internal working pressure of 1440 psi? Use class 2 construction and for an operating temperature below 250F.

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QUES
A natural gas pipeline, 600 km long, is constructed of DN 800 pipe and has a required operating pressure of 9 MPa . Compare the cost of using X-60 and X-70 steel pipe. The material costs of the two grades of pipe are as follows:

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 Use a class 1 design factor and temperature deration factor of 1.00.

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Sol.
The wall thickness of pipe required to withstand the operating pressure of 9 M Pa. So, the pipe wall thickness required for X-60 pipe (60,000 psi =414 M Pa) is

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 Similarly, the pipe wall thickness required for X-70 pipe (70,000 psi = 483 M Pa) is:

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 The pipe weight in kg/m will be calculated . For X-60 pipe,Weight per meter = 0.0246 13 (800 13) = 251.68 kg/m. Therefore, the total cost of 600 km pipeline at $800 per ton of X-60 pipe is : Total cost = 600 251.68 800 = $120.81 million

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 Similarly, the pipe weight in kg/m for X-70 pipe is : Weight per meter = 0.0246 11 (800 11) = 213.50 kg/m

Therefore, the total cost of 600 km pipeline at $900 per ton of X-70 pipe is :
Total cost = 600 213.50 900 = $115.29 million

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 Therefore, the X-70 pipe will cost less than the X-60 pipe. The difference in cost is : $120.81 $115.29 = $5.52 million.

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