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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Beer Johnston DeWolf
4 - 1
Sample Problem 4.2
A cast-iron machine part is acted upon
by a 3 kN-m couple. Knowing E = 165
GPa and neglecting the effects of
fillets, determine (a) the maximum
tensile and compressive stresses, (b)
the radius of curvature.
SOLUTION:
Based on the cross section geometry,
calculate the location of the section
centroid and moment of inertia.
( )

+ =

=
'
2
d A I I
A
A y
Y
x
Apply the elastic flexural formula to
find the maximum tensile and
compressive stresses.
I
Mc
m
= o
Calculate the curvature
EI
M
=

1
2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Beer Johnston DeWolf
4 - 2
Sample Problem 4.2
SOLUTION:
Based on the cross section geometry, calculate
the location of the section centroid and
moment of inertia.
mm 38
3000
10 114
3
=

=
A
A y
Y
= =
=
=
3
3
3
3 2
10 114 3000
10 4 2 20 1200 30 40 2
10 90 50 1800 90 20 1
mm , mm , mm Area,
A y A
A y y
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
4 9 - 4 3
2 3
12
1
2 3
12
1
2 3
12
1
2
m 10 868 mm 10 868
18 1200 40 30 12 1800 20 90
= =
+ + + =
+ = + =
'
I
d A bh d A I I
x
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Beer Johnston DeWolf
4 - 3
Sample Problem 4.2
Apply the elastic flexural formula to find the
maximum tensile and compressive stresses.
4 9
4 9
m 10 868
m 038 . 0 m kN 3
m 10 868
m 022 . 0 m kN 3

= =


= =
=
I
c M
I
c M
I
Mc
B
B
A
A
m
o
o
o
MPa 0 . 76 + =
A
o
MPa 3 . 131 =
B
o
Calculate the curvature
( )( )
4 9 -
m 10 868 GPa 165
m kN 3
1

=
=
EI
M

m 7 . 47
m 10 95 . 20
1
1 - 3
=
=

2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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4 - 4
Bending of Members Made of Several Materials
Consider a composite beam formed from
two materials with E
1
and E
2
.
Normal strain varies linearly.

c
y
x
=
Piecewise linear normal stress variation.

c o

c o
y E
E
y E
E
x x
2
2 2
1
1 1
= = = =
Neutral axis does not pass through
section centroid of composite section.
Elemental forces on the section are
dA
y E
dA dF dA
y E
dA dF

o
2
2 2
1
1 1
= = = =
( )
( )
1
2 1 1
2
E
E
n dA n
y E
dA
y nE
dF = = =

Define a transformed section such that
x x
x
n
I
My
o o o o
o
= =
=
2 1
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Beer Johnston DeWolf
4 - 5
Example 4.03
Bar is made from bonded pieces of
steel (E
s
= 29x10
6
psi) and brass
(E
b
= 15x10
6
psi). Determine the
maximum stress in the steel and
brass when a moment of 40 kip*in
is applied.
SOLUTION:
Transform the bar to an equivalent cross
section made entirely of brass
Evaluate the cross sectional properties of
the transformed section
Calculate the maximum stress in the
transformed section. This is the correct
maximum stress for the brass pieces of
the bar.
Determine the maximum stress in the
steel portion of the bar by multiplying
the maximum stress for the transformed
section by the ratio of the moduli of
elasticity.
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Beer Johnston DeWolf
4 - 6
Example 4.03
Evaluate the transformed cross sectional properties
( )( )
4
3
12
1
3
12
1
in. 063 . 5
in. 3 in. 25 . 2
=
= = h b I
T
SOLUTION:
Transform the bar to an equivalent cross section
made entirely of brass.
in 25 . 2 in 4 . 0 in 75 . 0 933 . 1 in 4 . 0
933 . 1
psi 10 15
psi 10 29
6
6
= + + =
=

= =
T
b
s
b
E
E
n
Calculate the maximum stresses
( )( )
ksi 85 . 11
in. 5.063
in. 5 . 1 in. kip 40
4
=

= =
I
Mc
m
o
( )
( ) ksi 85 . 11 933 . 1
max
max
= =
=
m s
m b
no o
o o ( )
( ) ksi 22.9
ksi 85 . 11
max
max
=
=
s
b
o
o
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Beer Johnston DeWolf
4 - 7
Reinforced Concrete Beams
Concrete beams subjected to bending moments are
reinforced by steel rods.
In the transformed section, the cross sectional area
of the steel, A
s
, is replaced by the equivalent area
nA
s
where n = E
s
/E
c
.
To determine the location of the neutral axis,
( ) ( )
0
0
2
2
2
1
= +
=
d A n x A n x b
x d A n
x
bx
s s
s
The normal stress in the concrete and steel
x s x c
x
n
I
My
o o o o
o
= =
=
The steel rods carry the entire tensile load below
the neutral surface. The upper part of the
concrete beam carries the compressive load.
2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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4 - 8
Sample Problem 4.4
A concrete floor slab is reinforced with
5/8-in-diameter steel rods. The modulus
of elasticity is 29x106psi for steel and
3.6x106psi for concrete. With an applied
bending moment of 40 kip*in for 1-ft
width of the slab, determine the maximum
stress in the concrete and steel.
SOLUTION:
Transform to a section made entirely
of concrete.
Evaluate geometric properties of
transformed section.
Calculate the maximum stresses
in the concrete and steel.
2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Beer Johnston DeWolf
4 - 9
Sample Problem 4.4
SOLUTION:
Transform to a section made entirely of concrete.
( )
2
2
8
5
4
6
6
in 95 . 4 in 2 06 . 8
06 . 8
psi 10 6 . 3
psi 10 29
=
(

=
=

= =
t
s
c
s
nA
E
E
n
Evaluate the geometric properties of the
transformed section.
( )
( )( ) ( )( )
4 2 2 3
3
1
in 4 . 44 in 55 . 2 in 95 . 4 in 45 . 1 in 12
in 450 . 1 0 4 95 . 4
2
12
= + =
= =
|
.
|

\
|
I
x x
x
x
Calculate the maximum stresses.
4
2
4
1
in 44.4
in 55 . 2 in kip 40
06 . 8
in 44.4
in 1.45 in kip 40

= =

= =
I
Mc
n
I
Mc
s
c
o
o
ksi 306 . 1 =
c
o
ksi 52 . 18 =
s
o
2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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4 - 10
Stress Concentrations
Stress concentrations may occur:
in the vicinity of points where the
loads are applied
I
Mc
K
m
= o
in the vicinity of abrupt changes
in cross section
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Beer Johnston DeWolf
4 - 11
Plastic Deformations
For any member subjected to pure bending
m x
c
y
c c =
strain varies linearly across the section
If the member is made of a linearly elastic material,
the neutral axis passes through the section centroid
I
My
x
= o
and
For a material with a nonlinear stress-strain curve,
the neutral axis location is found by satisfying
}
=
}
= = dA y M dA F
x x x
o o 0
For a member with vertical and horizontal planes of
symmetry and a material with the same tensile and
compressive stress-strain relationship, the neutral
axis is located at the section centroid and the stress-
strain relationship may be used to map the strain
distribution from the stress distribution.
2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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4 - 12
Plastic Deformations
When the maximum stress is equal to the ultimate
strength of the material, failure occurs and the
corresponding moment M
U
is referred to as the
ultimate bending moment.
The modulus of rupture in bending, R
B
, is found
from an experimentally determined value of M
U

and a fictitious linear stress distribution.
I
c M
R
U
B
=
R
B
may be used to determine M
U
of any
member made of the same material and with the
same cross sectional shape but different
dimensions.
2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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4 - 13
Members Made of an Elastoplastic Material
Rectangular beam made of an elastoplastic material
moment elastic maximum = = =
= s
Y Y Y m
m Y x
c
I
M
I
Mc
o o o
o o o
If the moment is increased beyond the maximum
elastic moment, plastic zones develop around an
elastic core.
thickness - half core elastic 1
2
2
3
1
2
3
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
Y
Y
Y
y
c
y
M M
In the limit as the moment is increased further, the
elastic core thickness goes to zero, corresponding to a
fully plastic deformation.
shape) section cross on only (depends factor shape
moment plastic
2
3
= =
= =
Y
p
Y p
M
M
k
M M