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CONTENTS
Definition Abrasives
Desirable characteristics of an Abrasive. Types of Abrasives Abrasive Action Factors Affecting Rate and efficacy of Abrasives

Polishing Hazards encountered in finishing and polishing

procedures. Review of Literature References

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INTRODUCTION

To promote oral hygiene

To improve oral function

To improve aesthics

DEFINITION A substance used for abrading, smoothing,

or polishing. (GPT -2005) A process of wear whereby a hard rough surface or hard irregular shaped particles, plough grooves in a softer material and cause materials from these grooves to be removed from the surface. (Craig)

Characteristics of an abrasive
Irregular in shape
It should be harder than the substrate it abrades. Abrasive should posses a high impact strength or

body strength. Abrasive should posses attrition resistance so that it does not wear.

 Skinners stated that abrasive wear

could be: two bodied three bodied

Two body wear

 Three body abrasive wear

Classification of abrasive
Based on manufacturing : Abrasive grits Bonded abrasives Coated abrasives

 Based on availability: (Skinners)

A. Natural Abrasives 1. Arkansas Stone 2. Chalk 3. Corundum 4. Diamond 5. Emery 6. Garnet 7. Pumice 8. Quartz 9. Sand 10. Tripoli 11. Zirconium silicate 12. Cuttle 13. Kieselguhr B. Manufactured Abrasives Are generally preferred because of their more predictable physical properties. 1. Silicon carbide 2. Aluminium oxide 3. Synthetic diamond 4. Rouge 5. Tin oxide

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Abrasive grits
Abrasive materials that

have been crushed and passed through series of mesh screens to obtain different particle size ranges Can be coarse, medium ,fine ,superfine.

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Bonded abrasives
Abrasive particles incorporated through a

binder used for grinding tools. The matrix is usually an elastomeric material but can also be rigid and non elastic in nature.

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Bonded by 4 methods
Sintering Vitreous bonding (glass/ceramic)

Resin bonding (phenolic resin)

Rubber bonding (silicone)

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 Vitreous bonded are mixed with a glassy or ceramic matrix material,

cold pressed to the instrument shape and fired to fuse with the binder.

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 Resin bonded- are cold or hot pressed and then

heated to cure the resin.

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 Rubber bonded- latex based or silicone based rubber

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Coated abrasive disks and strips

The abrasive particles are retained on the surface of the disc or matrix by an adhesive polymeric surface coating or layer. -Aluminium oxide. -silicon carbide. Moisture resistant backings E.g. MYLAR backed strips
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Natural abrasives
Arkansas stone - semitranslucent, light gray, silicious sedimentary rock, mined in Arkansas - contains microcrystalline quartz
1.

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2. Chalk - Mineral form of calcite - Contains calcium carbonate

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3. Corundum - Corundum is a crystalline form of aluminium oxide with traces of iron, titanium and chromium. - Bonded abrasives KHN-9 -

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4. Diamond : Transparent colourless mineral composed of carbon Super abrasive Supplied as: Bonded abrasive rotary instrument. Flexible metal backed abrasive strips. Diamond polishing pastes.

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5. Emery - Grayish black corundum that is prepared in a fine grain form - Coated abrasive disk or sheets

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6. Garnet - Dark red, extremely hard - Available on coated disks and Arbor box

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7. Pumice (produced from volcanic activity from italy)

- Flour of pumice fine grinded volcanic rock

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8. Quartz : The particles are pulverized to form sharp angular particles , which are useful in making coated discs .

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9. Sand
Mix of small mineral particles-silica
rounded to angular shape

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10. Tripoli :
light weight, silicious sedimentary rock
white, gray, pink, red or yellow - Gray and red- most frequently used

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11. Zirconium silicate

- Off white mineral, ground to various sizes used to

make coated disks & strips - Used as prophylaxis paste

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12. Cuttle internal shell of mediterrenean marine mullusk obtained white calcareous powder Used for polishing metal margins and amalgam restoration.

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13.

Kieselguhr

Obtained from silaceous remains of minute aquatic

plants as diatoms Mild abrasive

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Manufactured/Synthetic abrasives
1. Silicon carbide
- two types: a) green form b) blue black form Cutting efficiency Supplied as air abrasive, coated disks & vitreous & rubber bonded instruments

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2. Aluminium oxide - Much harder than its natural counterpart - Forms usually prepared are a) White stone- Sintered AlO2 b) Variations of AlO2 include those with addition of Cr -obtained as vitreous bonded non-contaminating mounted stones yamamoto -1985

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4. Rouge fine iron oxide blended with various binder - Impregnated in paper or fabric known as CROCUS CLOTH - Used to polish high noble metals

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Tin oxide
- composed of very fine abrasive - Is mixed with water or glycerin to form a mildly

abrasive paste

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 Hardness of the abrasive particle Shape Size Mechanical properties Rate of movement Pressure Properties of material that is being

abraded

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Polishing

Is the production of a smooth mirror like surface

without use of any external form. Can be obtained by reducing size of the abrasive sufficiently. The surface then acquires a smooth shiny layer referred by Skinner as a POLISH.

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The polished layer is thought of one made up of minute crystals, thus know as the Micro crystalline layer or Beilby layer which is easily kept clean and has high corrosion resistance.

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DENTURE BASE RESIN

Remove the stone from the denture in small sections. bur or a saw, shell blaster and pneumatic chisel also aids in removing stone from the denture .

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Finishing and polishing the partial denture framework

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Gold Alloys
1. Contour with carbide burs, Silicon Carbide or heatless stones. 2.Finish with pink stones ( Aluminium oxide) or Medium grade abrasive impregnated rubber wheels and points (Brown and Green) 3.Apply fine abrasive impregnated rubber wheels, cups and points . 4.Apply Tripoli or Rouge with rag or leather wheels.
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PORCELAIN
Usually two types of kits are available to polish porcelain1 Extra oral kits 2. Intra oral kit

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Sequence for Extraoral Finishing and Polishing

1.

2. 3.

Finishing diamonds, eg. Esthetic Trimming diamonds and Hybrid points are used dry to adjust and provide gross finishing. Finishing discs or bonded abrasive wheels can also be used , desired for gross adjustment. Rubber porcelain polishing devices are used to pre polish and provide initial polish to the adjusted area.

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4. Loose abrasive diamond porcelain polishing paste is applied, and using felt wheels and points or Robinson brush on occlusal areas.

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Intra-Oral Polishing
Follows similar procedural steps as extra oral polishing.
Finishing diamonds Rubber porcelian abrasives Diamond polishing paste - help to produce a polished

porcelain surface that is highly smooth and with a surface gloss equivalent to that produced by glazed porcelain.

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Finishing and polishing of Titanium

Operations Removal of Sprue runners Finishing (Rough) Finishing materials ST cutting disk (large) TX cutting disk (thin) Hard-alloy cutting, mini Hard-alloy cutting, midi Hard-alloy cutting, maxi Hard-alloy cutting, maxi plus Aloxin grinder blue, small, B Aloxin grinder blue, large, C Emery cloth - 500 Rubber disks (grey) Rubber disks (red) Rubber disks (red) Rubber disks (red) Large polishing brush Black polishing brushes Small brushes Tiger brilliant, Polishing paste

Finishing (fine) Grinding (fine) Rubber polishing

Polishing

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CLINICAL
Aerosol hazard- Dental aerosol contain teeth structure

dental materials & microorganisms These aerosols cause cross contamination

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Laboratory
Silicosis or grinders disease- no of silica based

material which are used in processing & finishing dental restorations

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Control of aerosols
At the source

1. infection control procedures 2. water spray 3. high volume suction

Personal protection

1. safety glasses 2. disposable face masks * Adequate ventilation of the entire unit which removes residual particulates from the air
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE

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1. A comparative study of the abrasiveness of 6 ceramic surfaces and gold .The authors attached a type III gold alloy and 6 different ceramic surfaces in an abrasion machine opposing extracted teeth to determine their relative abrasiveness and resistance to wear Authors found 1. Type III gold was least abrasive. 2. Glazed porcelain was more abrasive than polished porcelain.
Jacobi and Shillinburg 1991
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2. Authours studied the effect of sandblasting and silica procedures on pure titanium.

They concluded : 1. Sandblasting plays a critical role in bonding of resin to metal by creating a roughened surface.
2.

Sandblasting does not remove a sufficient volume of surface material as to affect the clinical fit of titanium restorations.

M.Kern and V.P. Thompson 1994

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3. A study conducted evaluate the polished surface characteristics of Co-Cr castings subsequent to finishing and polishing techniques. A total no. of 30 disc shaped test specimens of cast Co-Cr alloy were fabricated for the evaluation of surface characteristics They concluded 1. Various finishing and polishing techniques employed for the surface Rx of cast Co-Cr alloys revealed improved surface characteristics using the sequence of sandblasting, coarse grit abrasive, medium grit and the fine grit abrasive.
Ponnanna A.A., N.P.Patil Evaluation of surface characteristics of Co-Cr castings subsequent to finishing and polishing techniques.
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2. Loss of weight of metal affecting the physical quality of the alloy can be carefully avoided by judicious sandblasting and application of proper grit of abrasive agents.

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References
Anusavice K.J. Phillips Science Of Dental Materials 11th

edition, Philadelphia,W.B. Saunders Craig R.G. Dental Materials, properties and manipulation. 8th edition ,U.S.A.,Mosby Company, 2004 Morrow R.M.,Rhoads J.E., Rudd K.D., Dental laboratory procedure, removable partial dentures. 2nd edition, St.Louis, The Mosby company,1986. Ralph W. Phiips Skinners Science of Dental Materials. 9th edition, 1992 ; W.B. Saunders Publications.

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 Combe E.C. Notes on Dental Materials. 6th edition,

Churchill, Livingstone Publications. Subbarao V. Notes on Dental Materials. 3rd edition, 1997 ; V.K.S. Publications.Kern M.,Thompson V.P. Effect of sandblasting and silicoating procedures on pure titanium. J.Dent.,1994;22:300-306. Jacobi R.,Schillinburg H.T. Acomparison of the abrasiveness of 6 ceramic surfaces and gold. J.P.D., 1991;66: 303-309.

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THANK YOU

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