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Dr. A.

Aziz Bazoune Chapter 18: Axles and Shafts


ME 307
Machine
Design I
Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune

King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals
Mechanical Engineering Department
CH-18 LEC 29 Slide 1
Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 18: Axles and Shafts
ME 307
Machine
Design I
18-1 Introduction .922
18-2 Geometric Constraints .927
18-3 Strength Constraints .933
18-4 Strength Constraints Additional Methods .940
18-5 Shaft Materials .944
18-6 Hollow Shafts .944
18-7 Critical Speeds (Omitted) .945
18-8 Shaft Design .950

CH-18 LEC 29 Slide 2
Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 18: Axles and Shafts
ME 307
Machine
Design I
18-1 Introduction .922
18-2 Geometric Constraints .927
18-3 Strength Constraints .933

CH-18 LEC 29 Slide 3
Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 18: Axles and Shafts
ME 307
Machine
Design I
In machinery, the general term shaft refers to a member,
usually of circular cross-section, which supports gears,
sprockets, wheels, rotors, etc., and which is subjected to
torsion and to transverse or axial loads acting singly or in
combination.
An axle is a non-rotating member that supports wheels,
pulleys, and carries no torque.
A spindle is a short shaft. Terms such as lineshaft, headshaft,
stub shaft, transmission shaft, countershaft, and flexible shaft
are names associated with special usage.
18-1 Introduction
CH-18 LEC 29 Slide 4
Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 18: Axles and Shafts
ME 307
Machine
Design I Considerations for Shaft Design
1. Deflection and Rigidity
(a) Bending deflection
(b) Torsional deflection
(c) Slope at bearings and shaft supported elements
(d) Shear deflection due to transverse loading of shorter
shafts
2. Stress and Strength
(a) Static Strength
(b) Fatigue Strength
(c) Reliability
CH-18 LEC 29 Slide 5
Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 18: Axles and Shafts
ME 307
Machine
Design I Considerations for Shaft Design
The geometry of a shaft is that of a stepped cylinder bending.
Gears, bearings, and pulleys must always be accurately positioned

Common Torque Transfer Elements

Keys
Splines
Setscrews
Pins
Press or shrink fits
Tapered fits




CH-18 LEC 29 Slide 6
Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 18: Axles and Shafts
ME 307
Machine
Design I
CH-18 LEC 29 Slide 7
Common Types of Shaft Keys.
Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 18: Axles and Shafts
ME 307
Machine
Design I
CH-18 LEC 29 Slide 8
Common Types of Shaft Keys.
Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 18: Axles and Shafts
ME 307
Machine
Design I
CH-18 LEC 29 Slide 9
Common Types of Shaft Pins.
Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 18: Axles and Shafts
ME 307
Machine
Design I
CH-18 LEC 29 Slide 10
Common Types of Shaft Pins.
Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 18: Axles and Shafts
ME 307
Machine
Design I
CH-18 LEC 29 Slide 11
Common Types of Retaining or Snap Rings.
Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 18: Axles and Shafts
ME 307
Machine
Design I
CH-18 LEC 29 Slide 12
Common Types of Splines.
Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 18: Axles and Shafts
ME 307
Machine
Design I
CH-18 LEC 29 Slide 13
Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 18: Axles and Shafts
ME 307
Machine
Design I
CH-18 LEC 29 Slide 14
Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 18: Axles and Shafts
ME 307
Machine
Design I
CH-18 LEC 29 Slide 15
Rigid Shaft Coupling.
Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 18: Axles and Shafts
ME 307
Machine
Design I
Figure 18-2
(a) Choose a shaft configuration
to support and locate the two
gears and two bearings.
(b) Solution uses an integral
pinion, three shaft shoulders,
key and keyway, and sleeve.
The housing locates the
bearings on their outer rings
and receives the thrust loads.
(c) Choose fanshaft
configuration.
(d) Solution uses sleeve bearings,
a straight-through shaft,
locating collars, and
setscrews for collars, fan
pulley, and fan itself. The fan
housing supports the sleeve
bearings.
CH-18 LEC 29 Slide 16
Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 18: Axles and Shafts
ME 307
Machine
Design I
The design of a shaft involves the study of
1. Stress and strength analyses: Static and Fatigue
2. Deflection and rigidity
3. Critical Speed

18-3 Strength Constraints
CH-18 LEC 29 Slide 17
Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 18: Axles and Shafts
ME 307
Machine
Design I
Static or Quasi-Static Loading on Shaft
CH-18 LEC 29 Slide 18
Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 18: Axles and Shafts
ME 307
Machine
Design I
Static or Quasi-Static Loading on Shaft
The stress at an element located
on the surface of a solid round
shaft of diameter d subjected to
bending, axial loading, and
twisting is











3 2
32 4
x
M F
d d
o
t t
= +
3
16
xy
T
d
t
t
=
Normal stress
Shear stress
Non-zero principal
stresses
1 2
2
2
,
2 2
x y x y
A B xy
o o o o
o o t
(
+
| | | |
= + (
| |
(
\ . \ .

CH-18 LEC 29 Slide 19
Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 18: Axles and Shafts
ME 307
Machine
Design I
( )
1/2 1/2
2 2 2 2
1/2
2
2
3
' 3
4
' 8 48
A A B B x xy
M Fd T
d
o o o o o o t
o
t
( (
= + = +

(
= + +

( )
( )
1 2
2 2
max
1/2
2
2
max
3
1
4
2 2
2
8 64
A B
x xy
M Fd T
d
o o
t o t
t
t

= = +
(
= + +

Von Mises
stress
Maximum
Shear Stress
Theory
Static or Quasi-Static Loading on Shaft
CH-18 LEC 29 Slide 20
Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 18: Axles and Shafts
ME 307
Machine
Design I
1/ 2
2 2
3
16
' 4 3 M T
d
o
t
(
= +

1/ 2
2 2
max
3
16
M T
d
t
t
(
= +

(6-41)
(6-42)
Under many conditions, the axial force F in Eqs. (6-37) and (6-38) is
either zero or so small that its effect may be neglected. With F = 0,
Eqs. (6-37) and (6-38) become

Static or Quasi-Static Loading on Shaft
Von Mises
stress
Maximum
Shear Stress
Theory
CH-18 LEC 29 Slide 21
Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 18: Axles and Shafts
ME 307
Machine
Design I
( )
( )
1/3
1/ 2
2 2
1/ 2
2 2
3
16
4 3
1 16
4 3
y
y
n
d M T
S
M T
n d S
t
t
(
= +
(
(

= +
( )
( )
1/3
1/ 2
2 2
1/ 2
2 2
3
32
1 32
y
y
n
d M T
S
M T
n d S
t
t
(
= +
(
(

= +
Von Mises
stress
Maximum
Shear Stress
Theory
(6-43)
(6-44)
Substitution of the allowable stresses from Eqs. 6-39 and 6-40 we find

(6-45)
(6-46)
Static or Quasi-Static Loading on Shaft
CH-18 LEC 29 Slide 22
Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 18: Axles and Shafts
ME 307
Machine
Design I
Fatigue Strength
CH-18 LEC 29 Slide 23
Bending, torsion, and axial stresses may be present in both
midrange and alternating components.

For analysis, it is simple enough to combine the different types of
stresses into alternating and midrange von Mises stresses, as shown
in Sec. 714, p. 361.

It is sometimes convenient to customize the equations specifically
for shaft applications.

Axial loads are usually comparatively very small at critical locations
where bending and torsion dominate, so they will be left out of the
following equations.

The fluctuating stresses due to bending and torsion are given by
Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 18: Axles and Shafts
ME 307
Machine
Design I
Fatigue Strength
CH-18 LEC 29 Slide 24
The fluctuating stresses due to bending and torsion are given by
where M
m
and M
a
are the midrange and alternating bending moments, T
m

and T
a
are the midrange and alternating torques, and K
f
and K
fs
are the
fatigue stress concentration factors for bending and torsion, respectively.
Assuming a solid shaft with round cross section, appropriate geometry
terms can be introduced for c, I, and J resulting in
Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 18: Axles and Shafts
ME 307
Machine
Design I
CH-18 LEC 29 Slide 25
Assuming a solid shaft with round cross section, appropriate geometry terms
can be introduced for c, I, and J resulting in
Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 18: Axles and Shafts
ME 307
Machine
Design I
Combining these stresses in accordance with the distortion energy failure
theory, the von Mises stresses for rotating round, solid shafts, neglecting axial
loads, are given by
CH-18 LEC 29 Slide 26
Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 18: Axles and Shafts
ME 307
Machine
Design I
CH-18 LEC 29 Slide 27
Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 18: Axles and Shafts
ME 307
Machine
Design I
CH-18 LEC 29 Slide 28

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