Chapter 4-Periodic Table

I. Developing the Periodic Table A. Johann Dobereiner 1. Grouped elements in triads 2. Used similar properties 3. Middle element mass was average of other two

B. John Newlands 1. arranged in order of atomic mass 2. properties repeated every eighth element (Law of Octaves) 3. had 7 groups C. Dmitri Mendeleev-Father of Periodic Table 1. arranged in order of atomic mass 2. allowed periods to be any length so properties were similar in columns 3. left blank spaces for undiscovered elements & predicted their properties
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D. Henry Moseley 1. used x-rays to show # of protons in nucleus 2. The Periodic Law-properties of elements are a periodic function of their atomic #s. 3. rearranged elements in order of atomic number E. William Ramsay 1. discovered noble gases/ added group 18 to periodic table
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F. Glenn Seaborg 1. took Lanthanides & Actinides out of main body of Periodic Table G. Todays Periodic Table 1. horizontal rows = periods or series properties are periodic-change in a repeating pattern period # is outer energy level 2. vertical columns = groups or families similar properties due to same outer electron configuration (#valence electrons)
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II. Regions of Elements A. Metals-react by losing electrons (located left of stair-step line) 1. Structure: Atoms in linear layers causes shiny luster/silver color, malleable & ductile 2. Structure: Atoms closely packed causes good conductivity, solids at room temp, high density, high BP & MP
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B. Nonmetals-react by gaining electrons (located right of stair-step line) 1. Structure: Atoms at angles causes dull luster, brittle 2. Structure: Atoms spaced apart causes poor conductivity, many states at room temp, low density, low BP & MP
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C. Metalloids = B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te (located on stair-step line) are all semi-conductors (conduct better when warmed) D. Noble Gases = Group 18 do not react under normal conditions

III. Families of Elements A. Alkali Metals Group 1 (does not include H) 1. Soft-can be cut with a knife 2. react quickly with oxygen -get a dull coating -must be stored in oil 3. react strongly with water to form hydrogen gas & alkaline (basic) solutions 4. have 1 valence electron (end in s1) react by losing 1 electron
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B. Alkaline Earth Metals Group 2 1. found in minerals & rocks in Earths crust 2. form precipitates (solid in a solution) 3. react slowly with oxygen -get a dull coating 4. react slowly with water to form hydrogen gas & alkaline solutions 5. have 2 valence electron (end in s2) react by losing 2 electrons
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C. Halogens Group 1 7 1. React with metals to form salts 2. form strong acids 3. have 7 valence electrons (end in s2p5) react by gaining or sharing 1 electron

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D. Noble Gases = Group 18 1. not normally reactive 2. have 8 valence electrons (end in s2p6-except He = s2) *Octet = full s & p sublevels this is most stable arrangement of electrons other elements gain or lose electrons when they react to get an octet
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E. Hydrogen-considered its own group 1. reacts with most other elements 2. has only 1 electron (electron configuration = 1s1) 3. can react 3 different ways: a. lose 1 electron like Group 1 b. gain 1 electron like Group 17 c. share 1 electron like Group 17 4. all acids contain Hydrogen (H1+)
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F. Transition Metals = Groups 3-12 1. form colored compounds 2. electron configurations end in d sublevels 3. electrons may jump between d & s or p clouds to make atom more stable (full or half-full sublevels) so patterns may have exceptions & can lose different #s of electrons
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G. Inner Transition Elements or Rare Earth Elements electron configurations end in f sublevel 1. Lanthanides = Elements #57-70 are super-conductors 2. Actinides = Elements #89-102 are radioactive
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IV. Periodic Properties (Periodicity) =properties that change in a pattern or cycle

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A. Vertical changes 1. Reasons for changes -valence electrons farther from nucleus -more shielding from inner electrons
2. Resultsa. Ionization Energy lower at bottom (energy to lose electrons) -metals at bottom more reactive b. Electronegativity lower at bottom (ability to attract electrons) -nonmetals at bottom less reactive

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B. Horizontal changes 1. Reasons for changes -bigger nuclear charge (more +) -different # valence electrons 2. Results-changes at right a. Ionization Energy higher metals at right less reactive b. Electronegativity higher nonmetals at right more reactive
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3. Exceptions to patterns a. Noble Gases -Octet too stable to change

b. full or half-full sublevels are harder to change (electrons are going into next sublevel or pairing up -takes more energy) c. transition metals can rearrange electrons

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V. Radioactivity = breakdown of nucleus to release particles and/or energy A. Quarks =particles that make up protons & neutrons - can recombine to produce other particles
-these leave nucleus at speed of light E = mc2
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Nuclear Particle Symbols protons = neutrons = alpha particles =

beta particles =
positrons = gamma rays =
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B. Nuclear fission element splits apart into 2 or more particles (decay) or is bombarded and form smaller element Used in: nuclear power plants, radioactive dating, medical imaging, cancer treatments Example: Carbon-14 decays to produce Nitrogen-14 and one other particle.

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C. Nuclear fusion 2 smaller elements join together or element is bombarded to form larger element Used in: sun & stars, hydrogen bomb, forming synthetic elements Example: Einsteinium-253 is bombarded with alpha particles to form Mendelevium-256 and one other particle.

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D. Radioactive Half-Life =time needed for one-half of radioactive material to decay Can be use to calculate age of fossils, rocks, artifacts, etc.

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1. Carbon-14 dating -compares ratio of C-14/C-12 in fossil to similar objects of known age -can only be used on objects that were once living -cannot be used on objects more than 50,000 years old *Problem-if carbon amounts have been different in past, ages calculated could be incorrect
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2. Potassium-40 dating -compares amount of K-40 with Ar-40 in rocks to calculate starting amount of K-40 *Problem-if Ar-40 was in rock when it formed, ages calculated could be incorrect
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Half-Life Problems: 1. Phosphorus-32 has a half-life of 57.2 years. How many grams remain after 286 years if you have 4.0 grams of the isotope at the beginning?

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2. The half-life of Polonium-218 is 3 minutes. If you start with 16 mg of Polonium-218, how much time must pass until only 1.0 mg are left?

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