AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

The part of the Nervous System that controls the body systems to achieve homeostasis An Overview
Assoc Prof dr Hamiadji Tanuseputro

MAIN FUNCTION

The ASN regulates body temperature, coordinates cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, and reproductive functions. In doing so, adjusting water, electrolytes, nutrient, and gasses automatically. HOMEOSTASIS

PARASYMPATHETIC Rest and Repose

SYMPATHETIC Fight and Flight

ANATOMY
Contains afferent and efferent fibers The effectors include: 1. Smooth muscle >< Skeletal muscle 2. Cardiac muscle

3. Glandular tissue
The ASN has a TWO Neuron System Paeganglionic (myelinated) >< Upper Motor Neuron

Postganglionic (unmyelinated) >< Lower Motor Neuron

Slow conducting >< Fast conducting Forming Terminal plexuses near the effector organ >< Proximal plexuses

A COMPARISON
AUTONOMIC SYSTEM
Contains afferent and efferent fibers

SOMATIC SYSTEM
Contains afferent and efferent fibers
The effectors include: Skeletal muscle

The effectors include: 1. Smooth muscle 2. Cardiac muscle 3. Glandular tissue The ASN has a TWO Neuron System Paeganglionic (myelinated) Postganglionic (unmyelinated)

The SOMATIC has TWO Neuron System Upper Motor Neuron Lower Motor Neuron

Slow conducting
Forming Terminal plexuses near the effector organ

Fast conducting
Proximal plexuses (brachial, lumbosacral)

PHYSIOLOGY

GENERAL SOMATIC AFFERENT (GSA) 2. GENERAL SOMATIC EFFERENT (GSE) 3. GENERAL VISCERAL EFFERENT (GVE) 4. GENERAL VISCERAL AFFERENT (GVA) (not shown)

1.

PHYSIOLOGY
There are TWO END Neurotransmitters Acetylcholine Parasympathetic (conservation / restoration)

Norepinephrine Sympathetic (expenditure)

Can be Excitatory or Inhibitory >< always Excitatory (Somatic system) There is no Trophic influence >< there is a trophic effect (Lower Motor Neuron)

C N S

Sympathetic
Acetylcholine Norepinephrine Parasympathetic Acetylcholine Acetylcholine

MORPHOLOGY

Parasympathetic

Sympathetic

Hypothalamus (Anterior)
Cranio-Sacral Ganglia:

Hypothalamus (Posterior)
Thoraco-Lumbar Ganglia:

Cranial nerves
Intramural

Paravertebral
Praevertebral

Cholinergic Sympathetic fibers supply:

An Exception

Sweat glands, arrector pili, blood vessels, fatty tissue of the skin.

MORPHOLOGY
Cranial nerves: III, VII, IX, X.

Accompany arteries
Plexuses: Cardiac, pulmonary coeliac, superior mesenteric

Plexuses: Cradiac, pulmonary, coeliac, superior mesenteric

Hypogastric

Hypogastric (inferior mesenteric)

Cholinergic Sympathetic fibers supply: Sweat glands, arrector pili, blood vessels, fatty tissue of the skin.

PHYSIOLOGY
Sympathetic stimulation: -Shows extensive divergences . produce complex & coordinated responses - All preganglionic neurons release ACh, but postganglionic neurons, norepinephrine, epinephrine (adrenal medulla) or ACh (skin) Parasympathetic stimulation: -All parasympathetic neurons are cholinergic (ACh)

- The effects are usually brief and restricted to specific organs or sites

- The effect of stimulation is prolonged & wide

Epinephrine

C N S

Sympathetic
Acetylcholine Norepinephrine
(alpha, beta receptors)

Parasympathetic Acetylcholine Acetylcholine

STIMULATION OF SYMPATHETIC SYSTEM

1. Alertness, via stimulation of RAS 2. Euphoria feeling energetic, disregard for danger, decrease in pain sensitivity. 3. Increased CVS and Resp activity --- increased BP, breathing rate and depth. Membrane receptors: Alpha receptor norepinephrine influx Ca ion contraction of smooth muscle BP up, constriction of GI sphincters. Beta receptor epinephrine skeletal muscles, lungs heart, liver indirect by second messenger enzymes activation or inhibition

4. Increased muscle tone --stimulation of extrapyramidal system, tense even shivering.

Cellular basis: 1. Release of norepinephrine on specific locations (several seconds) 2. Adrenal medulla --- 80% epinephrine to general circulation (several minutes)

Note Beta blockers --- reduce heart rate, relax smooth muscles.

STIMULATION OF PARASYMPATHETIC SYSTEM

More localized and specific. Postganglionic neurons intramural (ACh). Cellular basis: Types of ACh receptors; nicotinic are found on surfaces of para & sympathetic ganglions excitation via ion channels. Muscarinic are found at cholinergic parasym. neuroeffector junction, also at few cholinergic symp neuroeffector junctions via enzyme (longer duration).

- contriction of pupils accomodation

- secretion of glands (GI) - increased smooth muscle activity in GI - coordination of defaecation, micturation - reduction of heart rate and force contraction - sexual arousal and stimulation of sexual glands

Nicotinic & Muscarinic = chemicals that stimulate receptors sites. Nicotinic receptors bind nicotine. Muscarinic receptors bind muscarine from mushrooms.

A COMPARISON
AUTONOMIC SYSTEM
Contains afferent and efferent fibers
The effectors include: 1. Smooth muscle 2. Cardiac muscle 3. Glandular tissue The ASN has a TWO Neuron System Paeganglionic (myelinated) Postganglionic (unmyelinated) Slow conducting Forming Terminal plexuses near the effector organ

SOMATIC SYSTEM
Contains afferent and efferent fibers
The effectors include: Skeletal muscle The SOMATIC has TWO Neuron System Upper Motor Neuron Lower Motor Neuron Fast conducting Proximal plexuses (brachial, lumbosacral)

A COMPARISON
AUTONOMIC SYSTEM
There are TWO END Neurotransmitters Acetylcholine Parasympathetic (conservation / restoration) Norepinephrine Sympathetic (expenditure) Can be Excitatory or Inhibitory

SOMATIC SYSTEM
There is ONE END Neurotransmitter Acetylcholine - in synapses

always Excitatory (Somatic system)

There is no Trophic influence

There is a Trophic effect (Lower Motor Neuron)

Homeostasis
The body is able to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though there is a continuous change in the outside world. Homeostasis indicates a dynamic state of equilibrium, or a balance. Functions of cells and organs are co-ordinated in order to obtain homeostasis The co-ordination is mainly accomplished by the nervous and endocrine systems

Valsalva manoeuvre ( expiration against a closed glottis; bradycardia when released) E:I ratio ( Compare R-R interval during expiration and inspiration;about 2 in young people because heart rate is increased during inspiration) Tilt test for postural hypotension Supine and standing BP ( supine BP is lower in normal people; higher in people with autonomic neuropathy) Postage stamp test for nocturnal erection

THANK YOU
FOR YOUR ATTENTION

HT. SEPTEMBER 2006

THANK YOU
FOR YOUR ATTENTION

HT. SEPTEMBER 2006

THE SYMPATHETIC SYSTEM

THE PARASYMPATHETIC SYSTEM