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Palhan

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 Job

design :- activities that specify the content of each job and determine how the work is distributed within the organization Elements of job design Analysis of tasks Worker requirement Job environment

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 Breaking

apart jobs into tasks and assigning tasks to different workers according to their special skills, talents and tools.

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graphic tool to analyze and time elementary motions of right and left hand in performing a routine ,repetitive task

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graphic tool to analyze and time the small physical action of worker and machine in performing a routine ,repetitive worker machine task to identify idle time of worker / machine

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Time (Min) 2.6

Operator Key in customer data Feed data card Position customer Take picture

Photo machine Idle Accept card Idle Begin photo process

0.4 1.0 0.6

Idle

3.4
1.2

Photo/card processed
Idle
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Inspect card

 Process

flowchart is the graphical representation of the steps of a job. It is used to analyze ,how the steps of the job fit into the production process.

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.operation
transportation

inspection
storage

Temporary storage Delay

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Process Description

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N

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Ignore formal measurement Historical data Direct time study

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 Average

cycle Normal time =average cycle x worker rating Allowance fraction..fraction of time for needs, fatigue, delays Available fraction of time Standard time=normal time/available fraction of time
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Work sampling determines the proportion of time a worker spends on activities Define the job activities e.g. typing, phoning, filing, idle Determine the number of observations Conduct sample study Analyze the observations
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It involves observing or thinking through a job, recording job elements, recording predetermined motion units to calculate a performance standard.

Observe typical conditions i.e ,machine, materials &worker. Itemize job elements. Consult tables for predetermined time. Estimate allowance for needs etc. Calculate standard time for the job.

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Example of puncture repair. Limitation difficult to locate some job elements in predetermined table.

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 Job

rotation Job enlargement Job enrichment

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 Moving

employees into a job for a short time and then rotate to another job e.g Hard jobs Soft jobs Night shift This leads to skill development as well as reduces boredom
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Redesign job to provide greater variety , autonomy, task identity and feed back for employees simple low level jobs lead to

Monotony Boredom Dissatisfaction Behavioral response Tardy job Absenteeism resignation

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Redesign jobs to give more meaning to the job by

Involving employees in Planning Organizing Controlling-their work Share information, goals & performance with workers Avoid excessive control Concept of self managing teams
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Traditional engineering approach

Specialization Activity flow Process analysis Worker physiology Work environment

Behavioral approach

Job rotation Job enlargement Job enrichment Participation-self managing teams

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Organizational; outcomes
Efficiency Productivity Quality Goal achievement Job satisfaction Promptness Attendance Longevity

Individual outcomes

Keeping in view

Individual / organizational parameters External environment

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