VITAMINS

WATER SOLUBLE

Vitamins

FAT SOLUBLE

1.VITAMIN A may regarded as organic compound required in our diet in B COMPLEX NON B-COMPLEX 2.VITAMIN small amount to perform specific biological functions forD 1.THIAMINE(B1) 1.VITAMIN C 3.VITAMIN E normal maintenance of optimum growth and health of the 2.RIBOFLAVIN(B2) 4.VITAMIN K organism 3.NIACIN(B3) 4.PYRIDOXINE(B6) 5.BIOTIN(B7) 6. PANTOTHENIC ACID(B5)

PYRIDOXINE(VITAMIN B6)
Vitamin B6 is used to collectively represent the three compounds namely a) Pyridoxine b) Pyridoxal c) pyridoxamine

CHEMISTRY
Vitamin B6 compounds are Pyridine derivatives. They differ from each other in structure of a functional group attached to 4th carbon in the pyridine ring. PYRIDOXINE-Primary alcohol PYRIDOXAL- aldehyde PYRIDOXAMINE-amine

 PYRIDOXINE-Primary alcohol PYRIDOXAL- aldehyde PYRIDOXAMINE-amine

SYNTHESIS OF COENZYME
The active form of vitamin B6 is the coenzyme PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE(PLP). PLP can be synthesized by three compounds pyridoxine, pyridoxal and pyridoxamine. B6 is excreted in urine as 4-pyridoxic acid.

ATP

ATP

KINASE

KINASE
ADP

ADP

-O-P

OO

pyridoxine

4-Pyridoxic acid

BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTIONS
PLP, the coenzyme of vitamin B6 is found attached to the -amino group of lysine in the enzyme. PLP is closely associated with the metabolism of amino acids. The synthesis of products such as serotonin, histamine, niacin coenzyme from the amino acids is dependent on pyridoxine. Pyridoxal phosphate participates in reactions like transamination, decarboxylation, deamination, transsulfuration, condensation etc.

TRANSAMINATION
Pyridoxal phosphate is involved in the transamination reaction (by transaminase)converting amino acids to keto acids. DECARBOXYLATION Some of the -amino acids undergo decarboxylation to form the respective amines. This is carried out by a group of enzyme called decarboxylases which dependent on PLP. Many biogenic amines with important function are synthesized by PLP decarboxylation.

a)SEROTONIN
Serotonin helps in nerve impulse transmission (neurotransmitter). It regulates sleep, behaviour, blood pressure etc. tryptophan5-Hydroxytryptophan
PLP

5-hydroxytryptamine
co
2

b) catecholamine
Catecholamines are involved in metabolic and nervous regulation. PLP TyrosineDOPA dopamine nor epinephrine epinephrine co2

3.Pyridoxal phosphate is required for the

synthesis of -amino levulinic acid, the precursor for heme synthesis Glycine ALA synthase -amino-- Heme PLP Succinyl coA Levulinic acid (ALA) 4.PLP plays an important role in the metabolism of sulfur containing amino acids. Transsulfuration (transfer of sulfur) from homocysteine to serine occurs in the synthesis of cysteine.

5. Deamination
Deamination of hydroxyl group containing amino acid requires PLP. Dehydratase Serine Pyruvate +NH3
PLP Dehydratase

Threonine

PLP

- Ketobutyrate +NH3

6.SERINE
Serine is synthesized from glycine by a PLP dependent enzyme hydroxymethyltransferase.

Recommended dietary allowance(RDA) The requirement of pyridoxine for an adult is 2-2.2 mg/day . During pregnancy, lactation and old age , an intake of 2.5mg/day is recommended.

DIETARY SOURCES Animal sources such as egg yolk, fish , milk , meat are rich in B6. Vegetable sources wheat, corn, cabbage, roots and tubers.

Deficiency symptoms It is associated with neurological symptoms such as depression , irritability , nervousnes and mental confusion. Irritability Severe deficiency: The symptoms are related to Depression synthesis of biogenic amines(serine, nor epinephrine and epinephrine). Demyelination of
neurons is also observed in vitamin B6 deficiency.

Pyridoxine antagonists: isoniazid, deoxypridoxine and methoxy pyridoxine are antagonists of B6. Nervousness Mental confusion

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