ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

Chapter 1

An Introduction to the Human Body

A presentation by: FRANCO L. RAZON, RN, MAN

1

Success Tips
PROVIDE YOURSELF A TEXTBOOK. READ IN ADVANCE ATTEND YOUR CLASSES RELIGIOUSLY DO YOUR HOMEWORK STUDY YOUR LESSONS. USE THE NEW TERMINOLOGIES IN YOUR DAILY LIFE
2

INTRODUCTION

 Most of us are naturally curious about our body. Infants find happiness just staring at their hands or pulling their mothers nose Older children wonder where food goes when they swallow it Adolescents wonder why they grow pimples, pubic hair, or for girls why they have their monthly period.
4

 Have you ever wondered why you perspire when it is a hot day or shiver when its cold in a room? Anatomy & Physiology are subdivisions of Biology and explores many of these topics as they describe how our bodies are put together and how they work.

COURSE OUTLINE
SYLLABUS FOR ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2ND Semester, Academic Year 2011-2012

COURSE TITLE :

Anatomy and Physiology

COURSE DESCRIPTION: This course deals with the physiologic concepts, principles and basic anatomical structure. COURSE CREDIT: 3 units lecture, 2 units lab CONTACT HOURS: 54 lecture hours, 108 lab hours
6

COURSE OBJECTIVES

At the end of the course and given specific situations/conditions, the student should have: 1. An Overview of the Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Body 2. An adequate vocabulary of the Language of Anatomy needed for academic studies of the Human Body

COURSE OBJECTIVES

3. An adequate knowledge of the following organ system and its functions in the Human body
Respiratory System Cardio Vascular System Lymphatic System and Body Defenses Digestive System Urinary System and Fluid Balance Nervous System

COURSE OBJECTIVES

3. An adequate knowledge of the following organ system and its functions in the Human body
Integumentary System Skeletal System Endocrine System Reproductive System Muscular System

COURSE OBJECTIVES

4. Utilize basic anatomical facts and physiological concepts and principles in the nursing care of individuals.

10

COURSE REQUIREMENT:
Textbooks Regular Attendance Passing the Term Examinations (Prelims, Midterm, Pre-finals & Finals) Laboratory Works/Quizzes Submission of the assigned Homework
11

Evaluation and Assessment:

Class Standing
Attendance Laboratory Recitation Homework

67 %

Exams Total:

33 % 100 %

12

 Classroom policy: The classroom will function best when its members treat each other with fairness, honesty, respect and trust. Remember the three Rs: Respect yourself Respect others Responsibility for your actions
13

Terminologies

14

DEFINITION: Anatomy & Physiology

Anatomy the study of structure and
shape of the body parts and how they relate to one another. Physiology The study of how body and parts function or work.
15

TECHNIQUES OF STUDY

16

Topics of Anatomy:
Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy study of large body structures visible to the naked eye. Systemic Anatomy body structures studied system by system. Surface Anatomy study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface. Microscopic Anatomy study of very small structures examined under the microscope. Comparative Anatomy Human structures compared to structures of other animals.

LIVING & NON-LIVING ORGANISMS

18

Characteristics of Living Organisms Unlike Non-Living Matter

Every organism must be able to do certain functions to be considered living. Before we begin the study of anatomy and physiology we will review some of the traits that humans share with many other organisms.

Maintaining Boundaries Movement Responsiveness Growth

Digestion Reproduction Metabolism Excretion

19

 Maintaining Boundaries
Every organism must be able to keep its insides distinct from its outside Every organism has a cell membrane around each of its cells to accomplish this task The human body as a whole has the Integumentary system to do this

Movement
every organism is capable of some time of movement Movement is not only things like walking, grabbing, pushing, and pulling, it is also occurs when substances like blood, urine, food, etc... are propelled through the different sections of the body
20

 Responsiveness
Responsiveness or irritability is the ability to sense changes (stimuli) and then react to them if you were to burn your hand on the stove you would quickly and involuntarily pull your hand back when carbon dioxide in your body reaches toxic levels, breathing is increased to remove it Nerves are responsible for most of our body's responsiveness, however each cell has some degree of responsiveness

21

 Digestion
This is the process of breaking down food into simple molecules that can then be absorbed. This makes two other processes possible
Absorption is the passage of substances through certain membranes , such as when digestive products pass the membrane lining the intestines Assimilation is when those substances that have been absorbed are chemically changed in to new substance

22

 Metabolism Refers to all chemical reactions within the body and its individual cells. Some examples include
the breakdown of complex sugars to simple ones making larger structures from smaller ones, like the conversion of amino acids to proteins Using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP ( the energy rich molecule used to power the cells activities)

In the human body metabolism depends on :

The digestive system to provide nutrients The respiratory system to provide oxygen The cardiovascualr system to distribute these substances throughout the body. The endocrine system uses hormones to regulate metabolism
23

 Excretion
The process of removing waste. These waste are non useful substances produced during digestion and metabolism Two examples of system that help in excretion digestive system rides the body of indigestible food residue in the form of feces The urinary system disposes of nitrogencontaining metabolic waste in the form of urine

24

 Reproduction
the production of offspring, this occurs at two levels
Organismal- making a new organism Cellular- maing new cells to replace old ones or growth

Growth
an increase in size, this is usually accomplished by an increase in cells. For growth to occur cells must be made faster than cells die

25

Levels Of Structural Organization

Chemical Level Subatomic Particles electrons, protons, and neutrons Atom hydrogen atom, lithium atom, etc. Molecule water molecule, glucose molecule, etc. Macromolecule protein molecule, DNA molecule, etc. Cellular Level Organelle mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, etc. Cell muscle cell, nerve cell, etc. Tissue Level epithelia, connective, muscle and nerve Organ Level skin, femur, heart, kidney, etc. System Level skeletal system, digestive system, etc. Organismal Level the human
26

Levels of Organization
Chemical Cellular Tissue Organs System Level Organismal Level

Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e

27

Levels of Organization
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Subatomic particles

Atom

Molecule

Organ system

Macromolecule Organ Organelle Organism

Cell Tissue

Atoms are the simplest level. Two or more atoms comprise a molecule. Cells are the basic living unit. Tissues are groups of cells functioning together. Groups of tissues form organs. Groups of organs function together as organ systems. Organ systems functioning together make up an organism.
29

Levels of Organization
Can you name the organ systems?
Test your knowledge and name the organ systems before proceeding. There are eleven (11).

30

Atoms
Are the ultramicroscopic building blocks of matter Composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons Examples would be oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, and sodium They can be found on the periodic table of elements
31

Molecules
Atoms combine with one another to form molecules Examples are: pure water ( H2O) sodium chloride ( NaCl also called table salt) glucose ( C6H12O6) proteins carbohydrates lipids Macromolecules are large, biologically important molecules inside cells
32

Cells
An association of molecules produces the next level of organization The Cell The cell is the fundamental unit of living things It has subcellular structures called organelles. Organelles are aggregates of macromolecules used to carry out a specific function in the cell. There are different types of cells in the body like blood cells, muscle cells, nerve cells, and bone cells 33

Tissues
A tissue (not kleenex) is a group of cells with similar structure performing the same function There are four basic types of tissue found in the human body:
Epithelial Connective Muscular Neural
34

Organ
composed of two or more types of tissue. Example:
The small intestine which absorbs food is made of all four types of tissue The stomach is an organ it is composed of epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, nerve tissue, and connective tissue

35

Organ System
Organ systems are composed of multiple organs that cooperate to accomplish a common goal

36

11 ORGAN SYSTEMS IN THE HUMAN BODY

Integumentary System Skeletal System Muscular System Nervous System Endocrine System Cardiovascular System Lymphatic System Respiratory System Digestive System Urinary System Reproductive System

Organism
this is the highest level of organization in a living thing. In the human body and many other organisms it is the result of several organ systems working together
Note: There are some organisms that are made of a single cell, so they would stop at the cellular level of organization. This class will focus mainly on the human body which is a multicellular eukaryotic organism
38

Figure 1.3a-c

Hair Skin Nails

Skeletal muscles

Bones

Joint

(a) Integumentary System

(b) Skeletal System

(c) Muscular System

Figure 1.3d-f: Summary of the bodys organ systems, p. 6.

Pineal gland Brain Thyroid gland Thymus Adrenal gland Pancreas Pituitary gland

Heart

Sensory receptor

Testis Spinal cord Nerves Ovary Blood vessels

(d) Nervous System

(e) Endocrine System

(f) Cardiovascular System

Figure 1.3g-i: Summary of the bodys organ systems, p. 7.

Red bone marrow

Thymus Lymphatic vessels Thoracic duct

Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchus

Oral cavity Esophagus

Lung

Liver Stomach Small intestine Large intestine

Spleen

Lymph nodes

Rectum Anus

(g) Lymphatic System

(h) Respiratory System

(i) Digestive System

Figure 1.3j-l: Summary of the bodys organ systems, p. 7.

Mammary glands (in breasts) Kidney Ureter Prostate gland Ovary Urinary bladder Urethra Penis Testis Ductus Scrotum deferens Uterine tube

Uterus Vagina

(j) Urinary System

(k) Male Reproductive System

(I) Female Reproductive System

Maintenance of Life
Life depends on five (5) environmental factors:

1. Nutrients a. Taken in via diet b. Used for energy and cell building carbohydrates primarily for energy Proteins used for structure Fats used for cushion, reserve fuel, and to a lesser degree in structure Minerals and vitamins are required for chemical reactions that take place in the cells and for oxygen transport in the blood
43

Maintenance of Life.. Continuation .

Life depends on five (5) environmental factors:

2. Oxygen in aerobic organisms such as ourselves to release energy from foods, this energy is then used to drive other metabolic processes 3. Water - Accounts for 60-80 % of body weight. provides fluid base for body secretions and excretions helps regulate body temperature provides a medium for metabolic processes to take place
44

Maintenance of Life.. Continuation .

Life depends on five (5) environmental factors: 3. Regulation of Body Temperature Must be maintained at around 37 C (98F) Below this temperature metabolism will slow down and finally stop. Above this temperature reactions proceed too rapidly and proteins begin to break down at either extreme death will result 4. Regulation of pressure Pressure is the application of force on something atmospheric pressure important for breathing hydrostatic pressure keeps blood flowing

45

HOMEOSTASIS
All eleven organ systems work in unison to maintain HOMEOSTASIS maintenance of a relatively stable internal conditions even though the external environment is changing.
Homeostatic imbalances = DISEASES

Homeostasis
The maintenance of a stable internal environment All organ systems work together to achieve this

Introduction to A&P Magette-2008

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

Communication throughout the body is essential for homeostasis to be possible. Two organ systems play the biggest role in this: Nervous System Endocrine System

48

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

The Variable is the event or factor being regulated. All homeostatic control mechanisms have at least 3 components:
Receptor- this is like a sensor that monitors and responds to changes in the environment Control Center- This determines the level at which a variable is to be maintained. It also analyzes the information sent from the receptor and then determines the appropriate response. Effectors- This provides the means for the control center to respond and restore balance
49

Stimulus
Body temperature rises above normal. too high

Normal body Temperature 37oC (98.6oF)

Introduction to A&P Magette-2008 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Receptors
Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center.

Stimulus
Body temperature rises above normal. too high

Normal body Temperature 37oC (98.6oF)

Introduction to A&P Magette-2008 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Control center
The brain detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs.

Receptors
Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center.

Stimulus
Body temperature rises above normal. too high

Normal body Temperature 37oC (98.6oF)

Introduction to A&P Magette-2008 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Control center
The brain detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs.

Receptors
Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center.

Effectors
Skin blood vessels dilate and sweat glands secrete.

Stimulus
Body temperature rises above normal. too high

Normal body Temperature 37oC (98.6oF)

Introduction to A&P Magette-2008 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Control center
The brain detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs.

Receptors
Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center.

Effectors
Skin blood vessels dilate and sweat glands secrete.

Stimulus
Body temperature rises above normal. too high

Response
Body heat is lost to surroundings, temperature drops toward normal.

Normal body Temperature 37oC (98.6oF)

Introduction to A&P Magette-2008 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Normal body Temperature 37oC (98.6oF)

too low

Stimulus
Body temperature drops below normal.

Introduction to A&P Magette-2008 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Normal body Temperature 37oC (98.6oF)

too low

Stimulus
Body temperature drops below normal.

Receptors
Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center.

Introduction to A&P Magette-2008 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Normal body Temperature 37oC (98.6oF)

too low

Stimulus
Body temperature drops below normal.

Receptors
Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center.

Control center
The brain detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs.

Introduction to A&P Magette-2008 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Normal body Temperature 37oC (98.6oF)

too low

Stimulus
Body temperature drops below normal.

Receptors
Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center.

Control center
The brain detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs.
If body temperature continues to drop, control center signals muscles to contract involuntarily.

Introduction to A&P Magette-2008 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Normal body Temperature 37oC (98.6oF)

too low

Stimulus
Body temperature drops below normal.

Receptors
Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center.

Effectors
Skin blood vessels constrict and sweat glands remain inactive.

Effectors
Muscle activity generates body heat.

Control center
The brain detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs.
If body temperature continues to drop, control center signals muscles to contract involuntarily.

Introduction to A&P Magette-2008 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Normal body Temperature 37oC (98.6oF)

too low

Stimulus
Body temperature drops below normal.

Response
Body heat is conserved, temperature rises toward normal.

Receptors
Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center.

Effectors
Skin blood vessels constrict and sweat glands remain inactive.

Effectors
Muscle activity generates body heat.

Control center
The brain detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs.
If body temperature continues to drop, control center signals muscles to contract involuntarily.

Introduction to A&P Magette-2008 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Control center
The brain detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs.

Receptors
Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center.

Effectors Skin blood vessels dilate and sweat glands secrete.

Stimulus
Body temperature rises above normal. too high

Response
Body heat is lost to surroundings, temperature drops toward normal.

Normal body Temperature 37oC (98.6oF)

too low

Stimulus
Body temperature drops below normal.

Response
Body heat is conserved, temperature rises toward normal.

Receptors
Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center.

Effectors
Skin blood vessels constrict and sweat glands remain inactive.

Effectors
generates body heat.

Control center
The brain detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs.

If body temperature

continues to drop, control center signals muscles to Introduction to A&P contract involuntarily.

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Magette-2008

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

62

63

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

There are two (2) types: Negative feedback mechanisms Positive feedback mechanisms

64

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

Negative feedback summary:
Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body Reduces the actions of the effectors

Corrects the set point

Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i.e. the negative Limits chaos in the body by creating stability

Most common type of feedback loop

Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation
65

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

Positive feedback summary: Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body Produces more instability in the body Produces more chaos in the body

There are only a few types necessary for our survival

Positive feedback mechanisms are short-lived Controls only infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustments Considered to be the uncommon loop Examples: blood clotting and child birth
66

Positive Feedback Mechanisms

The Language of Anatomy & Anatomical Position

68

The Language of Anatomy & Anatomical Position

Universally accepted terminology to identify body parts, regions, and direction
Anatomical position:
Forward-facing Upright Feet slightly apart Upturned palms (facing you)

Organization of the Human Body

Body cavities
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cranial cavity Cranial cavity

V ertebral canal Vertebral canal

Thoracic cavity

Thoracic cavity

Right pleural cavity Pericardial cavity

Mediastinum

Left pleural cavity

Thoracic cavity

Diaphragm

Diaphragm Abdominal cavity

Abdominal cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Pelvic cavity

Abdominopelvic cavity Pelvic cavity (b)

(a)

70

Regional terms names of specific body areas

Axial region the main axis of the body Appendicular region the limbs

Common Regional Names cranial (skull), thoracic (chest), brachial (arm), patellar (knee), cephalic (head), and gluteal (buttock) as seen in Figure 1.5.
Clinical terminology is based on a Greek or Latin root word.

Principles of Human Anatomy and

72

Anatomical Terminology:
Orientation and Directional Terms
Terms of Relative Position (based on anatomical position): Superior versus Inferior Anterior versus Posterior Medial versus Lateral Ipsi-lateral versus Contra-lateral Proximal versus Distal (only in the extremities) Superficial versus Deep Internal versus External

73

Orientation and Directional Terms

Orientation and Directional Terms

Orientation and Directional Terms

Body Sections or Planes (3)

Sagittal or Median divides body into left and right portions Mid-sagittal divides body into equal left and right portions Transverse or Horizontal divides body into superior and inferior portions
Coronal or Frontal divides body into anterior and posterior portions

77

Body Planes and Sections

Body Planes and Sections

Coronal (frontal) plane - Lies vertically and divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts Sagittal plane lies vertically and divides the body into left and right sides.
Median (midsagittal) plane - Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline

Transverse plane - runs horizontally and divides body into superior (up) and inferior (down) parts

Body Sections
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

(a)

Sagittal Plane

(b)

Transverse Plane

(c)

Frontal Plane

a: Patrick J. Lynch/Photo Researchers, Inc.; b: Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.; c: A. Glauberman/Photo Researchers, Inc.

80

Other Body Sections

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

(c) Longitudinal Section (a) Cross Section (b) Oblique Section

81

Body Planes and Sections

Oblique section through the trunk

Figure 1.6

Body Cavities and Membranes

Dorsal body cavity Cavity subdivided into the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity.
Cranial cavity houses the brain. Vertebral cavity runs through the vertebral column and encloses the spinal cord

Body Cavities and Membranes

Ventral body cavity subdivided into:
Thoracic cavity divided into three parts
Two lateral parts each containing a lung surrounded by a pleural cavity Mediastinum contains the heart surrounded by the pericardial sac

Body Cavities and Membranes

Ventral body cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity divided into two parts
Abdominal cavity contains the liver, stomach, kidneys, and other organs Pelvic cavity contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and rectum

Body Cavities and Membranes

Serous cavities a slit-like space lined by a serous membrane
Pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum
Parietal serosa outer wall of the cavity Visceral serosa covers the visceral organs

Body Cavities and Membranes

Other Body Cavities

Oral cavity Nasal cavity Orbital cavities Middle ear cavities Synovial cavities

Abdominal Subdivisions (2)

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Left hypochondriac region Left lumbar region

Right Epigastric hypochondriac region region Right lumbar region Umbilical region

Regions (9)

Right Hypogastric Left iliac iliac region region region

(a)

Right upper Left upper quadrant (RUQ) quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

Quadrants (4)

(b)

89

Abdominal Regions and Quadrants

Abdominal regions divide the abdomen into nine regions

Abdominal Quadrants
Abdominal quadrants divide the abdomen into four quadrants
Right upper and left upper quadrants Right lower and left lower quadrants

Quiz 1

92

Pls. READ CHAPTER 2 OF YOUR BOOK.

THANK YOU!!!
93