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Regardless of their basic purpose-B2C or B2B-virtually all EC sites rest on the same network structure,communication protocols, web standards, and security systems. This chapter focuses on the basic hardware and software infrastructure underlying the millions of sites used to, sell to service,and chat with both customers and business partners.
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The Problem
Since 1907 United Parcel Service (UPS) has been in the
package distribution business It is the worlds largest package distribution company, transporting over 3 billion parcels and documents each year in over 200 countries. UPS provides the means for customers to track their shipments to determine the status and whereabouts of a particular package
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their shipment An operator would look up the status of the shipment in the UPS database and relay the information to the customer Servicing these calls cost an estimated $2 per call
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The Solution
UPS created a Web site (ups.com) that enabled
customers to:
track their shipments online determine the cost and transit time for delivery of a package schedule a package for pickup locate the nearest drop-off facility
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homepage
The customer clicks the Tracking tab at the top of the homepage This takes the customer to an online form where the customer simply enters the tracking number and then hits the Track button The customer receives precise information about the location of the designated shipment
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The front end of the UPS Web site is simple, but the back-end processing used to handle a tracking request is more complicated
Requests are handed off to one of a handful of Web
servers This server passes the request to the appropriate application serve
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server passes the request to an IBM AS/400 computer attached to the UPS tracking database (the largest transaction database in the world20 terabytes of data The mainframe performs the database search for the status information Then it is passed back up the line through the various servers to the customers browser
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The Results
The UPS site services over 4 million
online tracking
requests per day It keeps UPS competitive with other shipping companies that also offer online tracking services and customer information (FedEx)
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packages through wireless devices (cell phones, PDAs, and Web-enabled pagers ) Web pages have been modified to support the particular wireless device being used Specialized servers are used to deliver the pages over the wireless communication networks
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and a technology infrastructure that enables other companies to incorporate UPS online:
order entry Shipping tracking capabilities
Example: Amazon.com
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A Network of Network
The internet is a network of thousands of inter connected networks .Included among the interconnected networks are: The interconnected backbones that have international reach. A multitude of access/delivery subnetworks are provided by the local and regional Internet service providers(ISPs). Infact, the request and response are each broken into packets, and the packets can follow different paths. The paths traversed by the packets are determined by special computers called routers. The routers have updateable maps of the networks on the internet that enable them to determine the paths for the packets.
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ISP ISP
ISP
NAP
NAP ISP NAP
ISP
ISP NAP
ISP
ISP
ISP
ISP
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INTERNET PROTOCOL
A protocol is a set of rules that determines how two computers communicate with one another over a network.The protocols around which the internet was designed embody a series of design principles. Interoperable Layered Simple End to-End
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TCP/IP
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The protocol that solves the global internetworking problem is the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol(TCP/IP). The TCP ensures that two computers can communicate with one another in a reliable fashion.Each TCP communication must be acknowledged in a reasonable time, then the sending computer must transmit the data. In order for one computer to send a request or a response to another computer on the internet, the request or response must be divided into packets that are labeled with the addresses of the sending and receiving computers.This is where IP comes into play. The IP formats the packets and assign addresses. 17
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FIG:TCP/IP
Transport Layer
Transmission Control Protocol
User Data gram Protocol (UDP)
Internet Protocol
(IP)
A R C H I T E C T U R E
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DOMAIN NAMES
Names like www.microsoft.com, which reference particular computers on the internet, are called Domain Names. Domain Names are divided into segments separated by periods. When users wishes to access a particular computer, they usually do so either explicitly or implicitly through the domain name not the numerical address. The domain name is converted to the associated numerical address by a special server called the domain name server.
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As the name suggests, in a client/server application there are two major classes of software: Client software, usually residing on an end users desktop and providing navigation and display. Server software, usually residing on a workstation or server-class machine and providing back-end data access services (where the data can be something simple like a file or complex like a relational database.
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The current data infra structure and protocols the intranet are capable of handling todays internet traffic but not for so long. Two consortiums, as well as various telecoms and commercial companies like Cisco, are in the process of constructing the new world network. It will be capable of dealing with the next generation of internet applications, which will be multimedia laden.
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NEW WORLD NETWORK: INTERNET2 AND NEXT GENERATION INTERNET (NGI) Just as the original internet came from efforts sponsored by NSF and DARPA ,it is assumed that the research being done to create both Internet 2 and the NGI will ultimately benefit the public internet. While they will certainly impact the bandwidth among the ISPs,IAPs, and NAPs,it still does not eliminate the barriers across the last mile to business and homes.
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WEB-BASED CLIENT/SERVER
The vast majority of EC applications are web based. In such applications, the clients are called web browsers and the servers are simply called web servers, like other client/server application s,web browsers and servers need a way To locate each other so they can send requests and responses back and forth and To communicate with one another . To fulfill these needs, a new addressing scheme the URL and a new protocol the HyperText Transport Protocol (HTTP) were introduced.
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WEB BROWSER
The earliest versions of the web browsers-Mosaic, Netscape1.0,and Internet Explorer 1.0 were truly thin clients. Their primary function was to display web documents containing text and simple graphics. Today, the two major browsers in the market Netscape communicator4.0 and Microsofts Internet Explorer 5.0 (IE 5.0) are anything but thin , both offering a suite of functions and features.
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WEB SERVER
A web server is not a hardware platform;it is a software program. In the UNIX world this program is called an http daemon. In the windows NT world the program is known as an http service. The primary function of all of these programs is to service HTTP requests. In addition, they also perform the following functions : Provide access control on the web server. Providing real time access to databases and other dynamic data.This is done through various application programming interfaces . Enable management and administration of both the server functions and the contents of the website . Log transactions that the users make.
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Since late 1995, a company called Netcraft (www.netcraft.com) has been conducting monthly surveys to determine the market share of the various servers (by numbers connected to the internet). This is done by polling known web sites with an HTTP request for the name of the server software. Table shows the survey results for selected months beginning in January 1996 and ending in January 1999.
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45. 4% 20.7% 5. 5% 2. 2% 3. 8%
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CORNERSTONES OF SECURITY:
INTERNET SECURITY
Security is often cited as a major barrier to EC, prospective buyers, for example, are leery of sending credit card information over the Web. Prospective sellers worry that hackers will compromise their systems.while the need for security breaches. The National Computer Security Association (NCSA) has identified four cornerstones of secure EC, Included are: Authenticity Privacy. Integrity. Non repudiation.
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ENCRYPTION
One way to ensure the confidentiality and privacy of messages is to make sure that even if they fall into the wrong hands they cannot be read. This is where cryptography comes into play. All cryptography has four basic parts: Plaintext- the original message in human-readable. Cipher text- the plaintext message after it has been encrypted into unreadable form. Encryption algorithm- the mathematical formula used to encrypt the plaintext into cipher text and vice versa. Key- The secret key used to encrypt and decrypt a message. Different keys produce different cipher text when used with the same algorithm.
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ENCRYPTION
Cryptography enables not only text but also binary information - video, sound,and executable software modules- to be encrypted for secure transmission across the internet.
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ENCRYPTION
Public key of recipient Private key of recipient
Message text
encryption
Ciphered text
decryption
Message text
Sender
Receiver
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ENCRYPTION
Session Public Key Key of Recipient Private Key of Recipient
Digital Envelope
Session Key
Session Key
Session Key
Message Text
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Message Text
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Sender
Digital signatures are based on public key encryption. The use of a digital signature is illustrated in figure. The basic idea is that messages encrypted with a private key can only be decrypted with a public key. This phrase is then attached to the message and the combined message is encrypted with the recipients public key. Upon recipient, the message is first decrypted with the recipients private key. The signature phrase is decrypted with the senders public key. If the phrase is successfully decrypted, then the recipient knows that the message could have only been sent by the holder of the senders private key. Of course, at this point there is no guarantee that the sender is actually the sender. It could be someone who has stolen the private key. This is where digital certificates come into play.
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CIPHER TEXT
MESSAGE TEXT
Decryption
Signature
Signature
Sender
Receiver
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Digital Signature
Digital certificates verify that the holder of a public and private key is who they claim to be. The structure of a digital certificate is governed by the IETFs X .509 standard. Digital certificates are issued by third parties called certificate authorities (CAs). Individuals or companies apply for digital certificates by sending the CA their public key and identifying information. The CA uses their private key to encrypt the certificate and sends the signed certificate to the applicant. The sender uses the CAS public key to decrypt the certificate. In this way the sender can be more confident of the true identity of the recipient .
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After decrypting the certificate, the sender uses the embedded public key to encrypt the message. In this way, the only public key that the sender really has to know ahead of time is the CA public key.
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Secure socket layer is a protocol that operates at the TCP/IP layer. This means that any application that relies on TCP/ IP SUCH AS THE Web (HTTP) , Use Net newsgroups (NNTP), and email (SMTP) can be secured by SSL. Secure socket layer supports a variety of encryption algorithms and authentication methods . The combination of algorithms and methods is called a cipher suite. When a client contacts a server, the two negotiate a cipher suite, selecting the strongest suite the two have in common.
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A Cryptographic protocol that is designed to handle the complete transaction is secure electronic transaction (SET), which was jointly developed by visa.
The SET protocol provides authentication,confidentiality, message integrity, and linkage, and it relies on public and private keys for the consumer and the merchant and supports the following features.
Cardholder registration. Debit card transactions. Credit reversal. Merchant registration. Purchase requests. Payment authorizations. Payment capture. Charge backs. Credits.
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A firewall is a network node consisting of both hardware and software that isolates a private network. There are two basic types of firewalls: dualhomed gateway and screen-host gateway. In a dual-homed gateway a special server called the bastion gateway connects a private internal network to the outside internet. With a screen-host gateway a network router is used to control access to the bastion gateway. The router ensures that all inbound traffic must pass through the bastion gateway. A popular variant of the screened-host is the screened subnet gateway in which the bastion gateway offers access to a small segment of the internal network. The open subnet is known as the demilitarized zone. The idea behind the screened subnet is that there is no way for outside traffic to gain access to any of the other hosts on the internal network.
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BASTION HOST
Internet
LOCAL NETWORK
Proxies
FTP,HTTP, NNTP,Telnet
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Web server
Bastion host
Router
INTERNET
Router
Local Network
FTP Server
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Suppose an enterprise wishes to provide mobile or remote workers with secure access to enterprise data that is normally accessed over a LAN.Traditionally, remote and mobile workers access this data through a bank of modems or a remote access server (RAS) that allows them to dial in over phone lines to the LAN. The chance of caves dropping on the transmission is nil, but it is an expensive way to do business because of the long distance phone charges that are incurred. A less expensive alternative is a virtual private network(VPN). VPN combines encryption, authentication, and protocol tunneling to provide secure transport of private communications over the public Internet. It is as if the Internet becomes part of a larger enterprise WAN. In this way, transmission costs are drastically reduced because workers can access enterprise data by making a local call into an ISP rather than a long- distance call.
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Functional requirements
The
TCP/IP, web browsers, commercial web servers, encryption, and firewalls provide an open foundation for creating web site that can easily support marketing and service activities. They provide an infrastructure for conducting business online.
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Just like their physical counter parts, online store must provide the means: Discover, search for, and compare products for purchase; Select a product to be purchase and determine its total price; Place an order for products; Confirm order, or ensuring that the desire product is available; To pay for products; To verify credit To process order To verify shipment; Provide feedback to the seller
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traditional merchants, web merchants have a number of options for creating and operating their electronic storefronts. There are threes types of providers who offer services for creating and operating an electronic storefront.
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Internet malls:
There are 3,000 or more malls on the web, like a real world mall. An internet mall consist of a single storefront entry to a collection of electronic storefront. Internet malls come in a variety of shapes and size. There are regional malls like South Florida's (www.sf-mall.com), specially malls like the Golf Mall (www.golf-mall.com), and general purpose malls like Choice Mall (www.choicemall.com) .
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Internet service providers: In addition to providing internet access to companies and individual users, a large number of ISPs offer host services for EC. For the most parts of ISPs are focused on operating a secure transaction environment. This task can be outsourced by third party. A listing of top site designers can be found at www.internetworld.com . Some of the national ISPs like UUNet have begun offering more complete EC solution.
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Telecommunication companies:
Increasingly the large telecommunication companies have expanded their hosting services to include the full range of EC solutions. Network service provider NSP, one of the private companies maintaining and servicing the Internets high-speed back bones. Include among the companies are MCI, sprint, UUNET/MIS, PSINet, and BBN planet
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Electronic catalogs presentation of information about products (services) that traditionally were in paper catalogs. However, electronic catalogs include multimedia such as
voice clips.
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Electronic catalogs and merchant server allow businesses to create simple, straight forward electronic storefronts. For more complex operations, a number of vendors offer EC suite that support most stages of the supply and buying chains. Electronic commerce suites offer merchants Greater flexibility Specialization Customization Integration in supporting complete front and back-office functionality.
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Online forum and chat group technologies offer a variety of business opportunities. Chat groups involving customers and helpline staff are one way of offering enhanced customer services. Communication centers:
Virtual meeting places can be created and fees charged for participation. One example is Match. COM (www.match.com) , web chat broad casting system (www.wbs.com) , contain 200 chat rooms.
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Customer services:
A number of customer services site now offer
online support where customers can converse with help line staff and other customer. Most online support center are organized as forums rather than chat groups. There are some exceptions Merchant (www.intersolv.com/csupport/index.asp) .
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Multimedia delivery.
The way in which audio, video and other multimedia content are being delivered over the internet are Web casting: Web casting is a term used to describe internet-based broad casting of audio and video content. One of the leading arena is Real Networks.& Web casting ranges from simple text streams; to periodic transmission of webcam images; to low quality audio and animation; to high end CD quality audio; and full motion, full screen video.
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Bandwidth
The major barrier to widespread participation in in Web cast is bandwidth. Bandwidth refers to the speed with which content can be delivered. Most consumer connect to the internet over the telephone through modems whose speed range from 14.4 kbps to 56 kbps (kilo byte per second). Most consumer connect to the internet using lower speed modems. Soon this will change as the cable television and telephone companies battle for the privilege of wiring homes with internet connections.
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Internet telephones:
Internet phones are not a real telephones they are program that let you talk with other people using the internet. The main attraction of internet telephones is cost, depending on the type of internet phone connections. Internet phones comes in three versions---PC-to-PC, PCto-Phone, and Phone-to-Phone.
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Internet telephones:
With PC-to-PC internet phones
call, the caller and recipient are both required to have the same internet phones software on their computers. PC-to-Phone system only require the caller to have the internet phone software. The recipient answer the call with a regular telephone. Phone-to-Phone, the caller and the recipient use a regular telephone.
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