Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Krebs cycle
2 pyruvic acid + 6 NAD + 2 FAD 8 NADH+ + 2 FADH + 2 GTP + 6 CO2
Oxidative phosphorylation
ADP + Pi ATP
P/O ratio = expresses the yield of ATP formation by oxidative phosphorylation (OP) per atom of O2 reduced to H2O If complete coupling between ETC and OP: 3 ATP formed If completely uncoupled: 0 ATP During uncoupling, NAD and FAD are formed but instead of ATPs formed, heat is produced used by mammals to produce heat during cold seasons and a mean to control weight. Max of 34 ATPs from OP Additional ATPs from substrate phosphorylation
Consequences of O2 deficiency
Lack of O2 ETC becomes fully reduced and is blocked no ATP, no NAD and FAD regenerations Some tissues can generate some ATP without O2 anaerobic glycolysis Formation of lactic acid and regeneration of NAD Muscles can do that, not brain Net production of 2 ATP / glucose
Mammalian brains use ATP much faster than can be produced anaerobically these brains must have O2! If no ATP Na+ K+ pump, Ca++ pump do not function neurons destroyed
Non-steady state:
ATP is consumed faster than it is produced Wastes are accumulating faster than they can be eliminated Ex: phosphagen system
Aerobic ATP synthesis needs.. O2! If the exercise is strenuous, the O2 store might not be adequate to support this synthesis Then, the body has no choice but to turn to anaerobic glycolysis less efficient ATP synthesis + lactic acid accumulation
Mode of operation
Non steady
ATP yield
Small
-----Fast Slow
Some animals (diving turtles) can sustain long periods without oxygen:
Uses metabolic depression to maintain brain tissue integrity Turtles become comatose, accumulate large store of lactic acid
Water-breathing anaerobes
Uncommon: some clams, mussels, worms, some goldfishes buried in marsh sediments (no O2) Strategy to survive anoxia:
metabolic depression ATP synthesis through acetic, succinic, proprionic acids and alanine synthesis excreted in environment less acidity