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Nanosciences
Nanosciences: The study of the fundamental principles of molecules and structures with at least one dimension roughly between 1 and 100 nanometers. 1 Nanometer (nm): 10-9 meter
But How?
1857- Micheal Faraday synthesized colloidal gold 1915- W.Ostwald wrote book World of Neglected Dimensions 1931- Ruska and Knoll developed first electron microscope 1951- Muller developed first Filed ion microscope 1959 - Richard Feynmen first talk on nanotechnology 1968- Cho and Arthur developed Molecular Beam Epitaxy for layer by layer growth of material : used in the manufacture of semiconductor devices 1970- Esaki demonstrated quantum size effect in semiconductors 1974 - Term nanotechnology was coined by Norio Taniguchi 1981 - Binning and Rohrer built the first scanning tunneling microscope 1985 Curl, Croto and Smalley created Fullerene ( Bucky ball)
Milestones of Nanotechnology
1990 IBM was spelled on nickel surface 1991 - Iijima discovered Carbon nanotubes 1993, Murray, Norris and Bawendi synthesize the first high quality quantum dots 1999, Self assembly of molecules on metal nanoparticles 2003, Prototype solar cells (Nanosolar Inc. ) with conducting polymers and nanobased particles 2004, Silica nanoshells coated with gold killed cancerous tumours 2004, NanoScale Materials Inc., neutralizer for chemical hazards
Nanoparticles
Synthesis:
Physical Chemical Biological
Nanoparticles
Fullerenes Nanotubes Nanowires Quantum dots Core-shell nanoparticles
Fullerene
Fullerene A fullerene is any molecule composed entirely of carbon, in the form of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, or tube Spherical fullerenes are also called buckyballs, and cylindrical ones are called carbon nanotubes or buckytubes
First buckminsterfullerene was prepared in 1985 by Richard Smalley,Robert Curl,Sean OBrien and Harold Kroto at Rice university Named after geodesic domes of Buckminster Fuller
Types of Fullerene
Buckyball clusters: smallest member is C20 and the most common is C60 Nanotubes: hollow tubes of very small dimensions, having single or multiple walls; potential applications in electronics industry megatubes: larger in diameter than nanotubes and prepared with walls of different thickness; potentially used for the transport of a variety of molecules of different sizes Polymers : chain, two-dimensional and three-dimensional polymers Nano "onions: spherical particles based on multiple carbon layers surrounding a buckyball core Linked "ball-and-chain" dimers : two buckyballs linked by a carbon chain Fullerene rings
Nanotubes
Carbon nanotubes DNA nanotubes Inorganic nanotubes Membrane nanotubes
Carbon nanotubes
1991 by Sumio Iijima
High tensile strength (100 times that of steel at one-sixth of the weight ) Conduct heat as efficiently as diamond Conduct electricity as efficiently as copper, yet also be semiconducting Can produce streams of electrons very efficiently (field emission) Single-walled varieties (SWNTs) Multiwalled varieties (MWNTs)
Inorganic Nanotubes
An inorganic nanotube is a cylindrical molecule often composed of metal oxides Occur naturally in some mineral deposits
Tungsten disulfide, Boron nitride, Silicon, Titanium dioxide (B), Molybdenum disulfide, Copper (CuNT), Bismuth (BiNT)
Membrane Nanotubes
Membrane nanotubes, membrane nanotubules or cytonemes are long and thin tubes formed from the plasma membrane that connect different animal cells over long distances
Nanowires
A nanowire is a nanostructure, with the diameter of the order of a nanometer. At these scales, quantum mechanical effects are important hence called as quantum wire Different types are :
metallic (e.g., Ni, Pt, Au) semiconducting (e.g., Si, InP, GaN, etc.) insulating(e.g., SiO2, TiO2).
Nanowires possess unique electrical, electronic, thermoelectrical, optical, magnetic and chemical properties, which are different from that of their parent counterpart Applications:
link tiny components into extremely small circuits To create tiny storage compartments
Quantum Dots
Highly fluorescent, molecular-sized semiconductor crystals
Core-shell nanoparticles
Structured nanoparticles that comprise a core of one material and a coating shell of another material Typically around 20-200 nm in size
Nano-Biosensors
Biosensor
Types of transducer Electrochemical transducer (electrodes for amperometric or potentiometric detection, field-eect transistors), Mass transducer (piezoelectric quartz), Thermal transducer (thermistor), Optical transducer (optical fibres and optoelectronic systems).
Bioreceptors In theory, any biochemical or biological structure capable of specific recognition can potentially be used to form the sensitive layers in the biosensor Natural
Protein Structures: Enzymes and Antibodies Whole Cells Catalytic Antibodies Molecularly Imprinted Polymers DNA Aptamers
Artificial Receptors
LigandReceptor Systems
Thermistors
Enthalpy changes accompanying enzyme reactions can be detected using a thermistors Biological component consists of a column of enzyme immobilised on microbeads in heat insulated column, Temperature difference at the inlet and outlet will be measured and extrapolated for the enzyme action and n for the substrate concentration
Biochips
Biochips or microarrays are miniaturised devices for parallel analysis.
DNA Microarray