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Rondang R. Soegianto
2009
Inorganic catalyst - resistant to heat - not specific to certain substr/reaction - Pt, Zn, H+
Carry out activities in organelles, membranes and cytosol Enzymes in blood for coagulation process
Active site, substrate site, catalytic site Specific area on enzyme surface that binds to substrate to form E-S complex, before enzyme reaction takes place
Why are enzymes essential to body Homeostasis? - At body temp. biochem. processes have to proceed fast enough to meet needs of the body - Enzymes (unlike inorganic catalysts) can be regulated in the body
What is enzyme activity? Enzyme activity measured by velocity of enzyme reaction (v) v = amount of product per time unit (sec. minute) Also v = remaining substrate per time unit
FACTORS THAT AFFECT REACTION RATE A.Substrate Concentration v = velocity Vm = maximum velocity
v increased
Heat will cause increase of kinetic energy Incr collision of E and S ES P Vm is reached at optimum temp. Raising temp beyond opt.temp. will damage enzyme protein enz activity decreased
C. Acidity, pH Enzymes have specific optimum pH Pepsin ~ pH = 1 Trypsin ~ pH = 7-8 Enzymes denature at high or low pH relative to optimum pH
E + I EI E + I - E not destroyed. After release, can react with substrate - Excess substrate eliminates effect of I
B. Non-competitive Inhibition
Inhibitor very different from S I can bind on E outside of active site I causes E denaturation Ex. : Hg, Pb
ZYMOGEN, PROENZYME - Active site located in the interior of E molecule - Can be exposed to the surface upon activation
- Trypsinogen Trypsin
Zymogen prevents self digestion of tissues on its way from site of formation to site of E reaction.
COENZYMES, COFACTORS Non-protein molecule needed for enzyme activity A. Metal ions: Zn2+, Fe2+, Mg2+ B. Organic molecules = Coenzymes Derivatives of vitamin B - Holoenzyme + Enzyme + Coenzyme (Cofactor)