Average vs.

Instantaneous speed
Average speed is the distance traveled divided by the time to travel.

Total Distance Covered Average Speed Travel Time

Instantaneous speed is the average speed for infinitely small distances and times.

Distance Covered Instanteneous Speed In Minimal Time Amount (~ 0)

Graphing Speed: Data Set 1

35 30 25
Distance [m]
Constant slow motion

Constant Fast Motion

20 15 10 5 0 0 5 10
Time [s] Speeding up Slowing Down

15

20

25

These plots are v vs t graphs of the d vs t graphs from the previous slide.
Graphing Velocities
7.00 6.00

Constant Slow Motion

Velocity [m/s]

5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 0.00

Constant Fast Motion

Fast starter (Slowing Down) Fast finisher (Speeding Up)

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

Distance [m]

Which v vs t Graph Corresponds to the Given d vs t Graph?

Which v vs t Graph Corresponds to the Given d vs t Graph?

Which v vs t Graph Corresponds to the Given d vs t Graph?

Which v vs t Graph Corresponds to the Given d vs t Graph?

What about the direction?

Airplanes Speed is how fast is something going.
Speed = distance crossed / time elapsed

Velocity is the speed and direction of an object.

Velocity is a vector (has magnitude and direction). Speed is a scalar (has magnitude only)

Average and Instantaneous Speed Trip from home to school

Things to Consider:

Stop signs
Traffic lights Speeds allowed What does the car
speedometer

measure? What is the police concerned about?

Average and Instantaneous Speed

Things to Consider for the each trip: Average speed? Maximum speed? Time
1.8 miles in 6 min

2.8 miles in 5 min

What is the trip choice based on? Unit conversion

Average Velocity
Things to Consider:
2.8 mil in 5 min Distance and Displacement

Straight Shot 1 mile

Average Velocity?

1.8 mil in 6 min

Avg. Velocity same or different for both trips?

Avg. Velocity after returning home

Average and Instantaneous Velocity

Things to Consider:
2.8 mil in 5 min Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity

Straight Shot 1 mile

1.8 mil in 6 min

Reminder (Previous cycle): Distance and Displacement

START

FINISH

Need to distinguish how long we traveled from how far away (and in what direction) we traveled.

Distance and displacement

Distance and displacement are two quantities which may seem to mean the same thing, yet have distinctly different definitions and meanings. Distance is a scalar quantity (has magnitude only) which refers to "how much ground an object has covered" during its motion. Displacement is a vector quantity (has magnitude and direction) which refers to "how far out of place an object is"; it is the object's change in position.
http://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/gbssci/phys/Class/1DKin/U1L1c.html

Direction of the Average Velocity

START

FINISH

Direction of the Average Velocity

Displacement is a vector - Distance is not

Velocity is a vector - Speed is not

START

FINISH

The Slope of a Distance vs Time Graph is Velocity

Remember!

Dis tan ce Velocity Time

So, if Distance is graphed on the y-axis and Time is graphed on the x-axis, the Slope,

y velocity x

More Mystery Walk 1

Now Sketch a velocity vs time graph for Mystery Walk 1.

Velocity vs Time Graph Walk 1

Remember! Velocity is Speed in a particular direction. Our walker reversed direction to return to the starting point.

Mystery Walk 2
Based on the graph, describe what the walker did.

Mystery Walk 2
He waited for 4 seconds before starting to walk slowly with a step size of 0.5. He walked for a few seconds and then stopped.

Mystery Walk 2
Now, sketch a velocity time graph of Mystery Walk 2.

Mystery Walk 2 Velocity vs Time Graph

Mystery Walk 3
Based on the graph describe what the walker did during her walk.

Mystery Walk 3
She walked backward very slowly. After 5 seconds, she ran forward for 5 more seconds.

Mystery Walk 3
Sketch a Velocity vs Time graph of Mystery Walk 3.

Velocity vs Time for Mystery Walk 3

Make sense: Velocity and speed

How would you determine the average speed of an object on these paths:
FINISH

START

START

FINISH

Average speed vs. Average velocity

Velocity is a vector
Velocity is a vector Vectors are quantities that have magnitude and direction Speed is the magnitude of a velocity.

Average vs. Instantaneous Velocity

Average Speed Total Distance Covered Travel Time

Total Displacement AverageVelocity Travel Time

Instanteneous Speed

Distance Covered In Minimal Time Amount (~ 0)

Displaceme nt Made Instanteneous Velocity In Minimal Time Amount (~ 0)

ACCELERATION
1. Acceleration (a) is the ratio of change in velocity to change in time a. It is a vector quantity like displacement and velocity. b. It can be + or -. Formula for average acceleration

a = velocity (v) = time (t)

the units for a are m/s2

v -vo t - to

The Slope of an Velocity vs Time Graph is Acceleration

If Velocity is graphed on the y-axis and Time is graphed on the x-axis, the slope of the graph

velocity acceleration time y acceleration x

ACCELERATION
1. The slope of a velocity-time graph is acceleration just as the slope of a displacement-time graph is velocity. No slope. No acceleration. a. If the graph is linear, acceleration is uniform or constant and avg. acceleration = instantaneous acceleration. b. If the graph is a curve. The acceleration is different at every point, but instantaneous acceleration on this graph is still the slope at a point on the curve.

Remember! Acceleration is a Vector

This means that it can have a sign (+ or -). So, a velocity vs time graph with a positive slope is a (+) acceleration graph and a velocity vs time graph with a negative slope is a deceleration graph.

Graphing (+) & (-) Acceleration

Why is it + Acceleration?

Why is it () Acceleration?

Why is there no Acceleration?

Graphing the motion of a Ball thrown Upward

Breaking Down the Throw: Acceleration of the Upward Leg

Breaking Down the Throw: Acceleration of the Downward Leg

Position vs Time Graph of Constant Positive (+) Acceleration

Position vs Time Graph of Constant Positive Negative (-)Acceleration