HAMID REZA

SHAFIEI
MAKVAND
NIDC-DRILLING PROJECTS
MANAGEMENT
Definition of Kick and Blowout
Kick
Formation Fluid enter the Well Bore.
Once well Shut-In, well could be
controlled and prevent further influx.

Blowout
Kick can not be controlled.
Definition of Pressure
Pressure is Force per specific Area
Pressure = Force Area
Unit : kg/cm
2
(KSC), lbs/in
2
(psi)
bar, kPa (1 bar = 100 kPa)


ksc psi bar kPa
ksc 1 14.22 0.98 98
psi 0.07 1 0.0689 6.9
bar 1.02 14.51 1 100
kPa 0.0102 0.1451 0.01 1
Pressure Unit Conversion Table


Height using for Hydrostatic Pressure calculation
For calculate Hydrostatic Pressure,
using TVD not TD/MD

Pressure, Depth (TVD) , Mud Weight (MKS Unit)
Pressure = Depth x 0.1 x MW

Where:

Pressure : Hydrostatic pressure : ksc
Depth : True vertical depth : m
MW : Mud weight : sg


Pressure, Depth(TVD), Mud Weight (Ft-lbs Unit)
Pressure = Depth x 0.052 x MW

Where:

Pressure : Hydrostatic pressure : psi
Depth : True vertical depth : ft
MW : Mud weight : ppg

Pressure Gradient
Hydrostatic Head per specific height
Unit : ksc/m or psi/ft

<Equation>
0.1 x SG = Pressure Gradientksc/m

If SG is 1.20 on right hand figure,
then Pressure Gradient is as following ;






m ksc
m
ksc
/ 12 . 0
000 , 3
360
=
Pressure Loss in pipe











Pressure Loss on well
Effect of Back Pressure
Pressure Loss equation
P = K x x L x Q
2


Where

P : Pressure loss
: Mud density
L : Length of pipe
Q : Flow rate
K : Constant
Mud Weight vs. Circulating Pressure

If Mud Weight
1
&

2
, pressure loss
P
1


&

P
2
respectively,

P
1
= K x
1
x L x Q
2
P
2
= K x
2
x L x Q
2

From above ;






1
2
1 2
2
1
2
1

= = P P
P
P

Pump strokes vs. Circulating Pressure

If flow rate at Q
1
& Q
2,
, pressure loss
P
1
& P
2
,respectively

P
1
= K x x L x Q
1
2
P
2
= K x x L x Q
2
2

From above ;




2 2
1
2
1 2
2
1
2
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
Q
Q
P P
Q
Q
P
P

Equivalent Circulating Pressure (ECD) , MKS Unit

ECD = MW + (APL0.1TVD)

Where

ECD : equivalent circulating density, sg

MW : mud weight, sg

APL : annular pressure loss, ksc

TVD : true vertical depth, m
Equivalent Circulating Pressure (ECD) , Ft-Lbs Unit
ECD = MW + (APL0.052TVD)

Where

ECD : equivalent circulating density, ppg

MW : mud weight, ppg

APL : annular pressure loss, psi

TVD : true vertical depth, ft
Formation Pressure and Formation Fracture Pressure
Formation Pressure is Fluid Pressure existing in Formation Pore

Normal Pressure Formation
0.433 0.465 psi/ft (0.099 0.107 ksc/m)
Sub-normal Pressure Formation
below 0.433 psi/ft
Sub-normal Abnormal Pressure Formation
above 0.465 psi/ft

Normal Overburden Pressure : 1 psi/ft

Formation Fracture Pressure
= 65% - 85% of Overburden Pressure
Required pressure to create fracture in formation
Formation Fracturing Pressure
How to drilling a well safely
Using proper weight of mud
Watching pit volume and trip tank volume while
tripping
Proper countermeasure when change a mud weight,
pit volume and indication of flow rate meter
Indication of possible cause of kick
Drilling Break
Changing normalized drilling rate (d-exponent)
Increasing torque, drag & bottom fill
Increasing mud gas percent (%)
Changing cutting size or shapes
Changing flow line temperature
Changing tendency of chloride
Decreasing shale density
Changing shale factor
D-Exponent
Shale Density
Formation of Abnormal Formation Pressure Zone - 1
Formation of Abnormal Formation Pressure Zone - 2
Formation of Abnormal Formation Pressure Zone - 3
Formation of Abnormal Formation Pressure Zone - 4
Formation of Abnormal Formation Pressure Zone - 5
(a) A sealed zone existing
at 8,000 ft with normal
pressures in the zone and
all adjacent formations.
(b) An uplifted section
will require 12.0 lb/gal
mud. The sealed fault
prevented pressure
regression or
normalization.
Formation of Abnormal Formation Pressure Zone - 6
Formation of Abnormal Formation Pressure Zone - 7
Slow Pump (Kill) Rate
Consideration to select Slow Pump (kill) Rate

Mixing capacity
Choke control skill
MACP (Maximum Allowable Casing Pressure)
Annular pressure loss (ECD)
especially : Slim hole case


Timing to take Slow Pump (Kill) Rate Pressure
Kill Rate Pressure : A Pressure at Pump Rate reach
Kill Rate

Timing to take Kill Rate pressure

After change crew
Change Mud Weight
Change Bit Nozzle (s)
Change BHA
Every 100 m drilling
Before Coring Job
Change Mud Pump Liner



Causes of Kick
Insufficient mud weight
Failure to keep hole full with mud
during Trip
Swabbing
Surging
Lost circulation
Gas cut mud
Abnormal pressure
Warning signs of kick
Well flows at pump shut down
Pit gain
Increase in mud flow on Flow Rate Meter
Decrease in pump pressure and increase in
pump speed
Changing string weight
Changing mud character
During trip
- decreasing fill up mud during POOH
- Increasing displacing mud during RIH
Flow Check
Flow Check
Operation to check Kick occurrence
Flow Check during drilling
Pull the drill string to proper position
Stop Mud Pump
Flow check
If any flow, close BOP
Flow Check during trip
If any indication of kick
Stop Drill String at proper position
Flow Check

Shut in procedures and considerations

Shut-In
Event Soft Hard Comment
Kick Detection @10 bbl @10 bbl
Stop Pumps 30 sec 30 sec 750 gpm to 0 gpm at gpm/s
Flow Check 30 sec 30 sec Well is flowing
Open HCR 20 sec - Opened concurrently with annular closeing in hard shut-in
Close Annular 45 sec 45 sec
Close Choke 30 sec - Choke pre-set to closed position
Total Time 2 min 35 sec 1 min 45 sec Difference = 50 sec
Flow check
Two Shut in procedures
Required time for Soft Shut in vs. Hard Shut in
Closing time of Ram type vs. Annular type BOP
Surface BOP Stack
Kick detection system vs. conventional shut-In method
Kick Detect @ Flow Check Shut-In Total
Pit Gain @ 10 bbl 10 bbl 19 bbl 10 bbl 39 bbl
Kick Detection System 1.5 bbl 1.5 bbl 1 bbl 4 bbl
Shut In Pressure
Various Shut in situation after Kick detection
During drilling operation
Connection job during drilling
During tripping operation
During run Casing operation
During Cementing operation after
run Casing
During Wireline Logging
No Drill String in a well
Shut in procedure -1 (land - drilling)
1. Stop rotary or take step 2.
2. Pick up pipe to close BOP
3. Stop Mud Pump
4. Check flow
5. If flow, close BOP
6. Notify supervisor
7. Open HCR valve on BOP
8. Read SIDPP and SICP
9. Bleed trap pressure if required
Shut in procedure 2 (land - tripping)
1. Set slip
2. Put Full Opening Safety Valve in open condition
3. Close Full Opening Safety Valve
4. Check flow
5. If flow, close BOP
6. Notify supervisor
7. Open HCR valve on BOP
8. Read SIDPP and SICP
9. Pick up and connect Inside BOP
10. Open Full Opening Safety Valve
11. Stripping in Drill String until situation allowed
12. Connect Kelly or TDS, then remove slip
13. Read SIDPP and SICP





U-Tube
U-Tube with adding Slug Mud
Shut In Pressure
Mud weight increase
MWI = SIDPPTVD0.052

Where
MWI : mud weight increase, ppg
SIDPP : shut in drill pipe pressure, psi
TVD : true vertical depth, ft.
Shut In Pressure
SIDPP: Shut-In pressure
@ top of DP
SICP : Shut-In pressure
@ top of Annulus

In General: SICP > SIDPP

Kill Mud Weight Calculation (MKS Unit)
Equation





KMW Kill Mud Weight (sg)
SIDPP Shut in Drill Pipe Pressure (ksc)
TVD true Vertical Depthm
OMW Original Mud Weight (sg)

OMW
TVD
SIDPP
KMW +

=
1 . 0
Kill Mud Weight Calculation (FT-Lbs Unit)
Equation




KMW Kill Mud Weight (ppg)
SIDPPShut in Drill Pipe Pressure (psi)
TVD True Vertical Depthft
OMW Original Mud Weight (ppg)

OMW
TVD
SIDPP
KMW +

=
052 . 0
Estimation of Influx
Weight of Influx SG
Influx Type

0.12 0.46 Gas
0.46 0.92 Mixture of GasOilWater
0.92 1.15 Mixture of GasWater
Calculation of Influx height


Pit GainV ()
TVD : True Vertical Depth (m)
A : Annlar Volume (l / m)
Where, Weight of Influx :
i
Mud Weight :
TVDx0.1xOMW+SIDPP=hgx0.1xi+(TVD-Hg)x0.1xOMW+SICP
1 . 0

=
hg
SIDPP SICP
OMW i
A
V
hg =
Estimation of Influx type
Initial circulating pressure
ICP = KRP + SIDPP

Where

ICP : initial circulating pressure, psi

KRP : kill-rate pressure, psi

SIDPP : shut-in drill pipe pressure, psi
Final circulating pressure
FCP = KRP x (KWMOMW)

Where

FCP : final circulating pressure, psi

KRP : kill-rate pressure, psi

OMW : original mud weight, ppg

KWM : kill-weight mud, ppg

Various Well Control Methods
Constant Bottom Hole Pressure Methods
After kick detection
1) Well Shut in
2) Discharge Influx from Well
keep constant Bottom Hole Pressure Formation Pressure
3) Displace hole with Kill Mud
keep constant Bottom Hole Pressure Formation Pressure
Execute 2) & 3) simultaneously (same time)
Wait and Weight Methods
Execute 2) & 3) separately (one by one)
Drillers Method
Compromised Method
Concurrent Method
Drillers Method
1. Shut well in.
2. Record SICP, SIDPP, pit gain.
3. Fill the sheet.
4. To start circ., open choke, slowly bring pump rate up to kill
rate with SICP constant.
5. Reaching kill rate, keep Drill pipe pressure constant.
6. Circulate out influx with same Drill pipe pressure.
7. Mix kill mud.
8. Bring pump up to kill rate with constant casing pressure.
Keep casing pressure constant until kill mud reaches to bit.
9. Change gauge to DPs, keep DP press. constant to displace
whole annular volume.

Drillers Method - 1
1. Well Data
TVD : 10,000ft
Hole Size : 8-1/2"
DP Capacity : 0.01776 bbl/ft x 9340 ft (5" OD)
DC Capacity : 0.00767 bbl/ft x 660 ft (6-1/2" OD)
Annular Volume :
0.04474 bbl/ft (DP Section)
0.02918 bbl/ft (DC Section)
Mud Weight : 9.6 ppg
Pump Output : 0.123 bbl/stroke
KRP : 570 psi @ 30 spm
2. Shut in Data
SIDPP
:
500 psi
SICP : 850 psi
Pit Gain : 20 bbl
Drillers Method - 2
Drillers Method - 3
Drillers Method - 4
FCP (Final Circulating Pressure) = KRPOMW KMW / OMW
Pressure variation by Drillers Method
Wait & Weight Method
1. Shut in well.
2. Fill the kill sheet.
3. Open the choke, slowly bring the pump up to kill rate with
casing pressure constant. Once reached kill rate, control
choke following the pressure chart on the kill sheet (Drill
pipe pressure).
4. Upon kill mud reaches to the bit, keep FCP on Drill pipe
pressure gauge. Pump kill mud to the surface.
5. Stop pump, check pressure and flow.


Wait & Weight Method - 1
1. Well Data
TVD : 10,000ft
Hole Size : 8-1/2"
DP Capacity : 0.01776 bbl/ft x 9340 ft (5" OD)
DC Capacity : 0.00767 bbl/ft x 660 ft (6-1/2" OD)
Annular Volume :
0.04474 bbl/ft (DP Section)
0.02918 bbl/ft (DC Section)
Mud Weight : 9.6 ppg
Pump Output : 0.123 bbl/stroke
KRP : 570 psi @ 30 spm
2. Shut in Data
SIDPP
:
500 psi
SICP : 850 psi
Pit Gain : 20 bbl
Wait & Weight Method - 2
Wait & Weight Method - 3
Wait & Weight Method - 4
Wait & Weight Method - 5
Casing Pressure Variation by Wait &
Weight Method
Concurrent Method
1. Most complicated method.
2. Good when the mud cannot be weighted up to kill weight
all at once.
3. Higher casing pressure can develop than the wait &
weight method at gas kick case.

Kill Sheet (Land)
KILL SHEET
WELL CONTROL SCHOOL
PRE-RECORDED DATA KICK DATA
Original Mud Weight ppg Kill Rate Pressure
Measured Depth ft SPM #2 PP SIDPP psi
Annulus Volume bbl SICP psi
Drill String Volume Pit Gain bbl
a.Drill Pipe Capacity TVD ft
bbl/ft ft = bbl
b.HWDP Capacity
bbll/ft ft = bbl CALCULATIONS
c.Drill Collar Capacity
bbl/ft ft = bbl Formation Pressure
Total Drill String Volume = bbl SIDPP TVD OMW
psi+ 0.052 = psi
Pump Out put bbl/stk @ Efficiency
Kill Mud Weight
Drill String Vol. bbl SIDPP psi
Drill String Strokes = stks + OMW = ppg
Pump Output bbl/stk 0.052 TVD ft
Max. Allowable Casing Pressure psi @ ppg
Initial Circulation Pressure
SIDPP psi KRP psi = psi
PRESSURE CHART Final Circulation Pressure
KMW
STROKES PRESSURE KRP psi = psi
0 Initial Circulation Pressure OMW
Strokes
to BIT Final Circulation Pressure
1 stk psi/stk Ver.3.0, July2004
#1 PP
Prerecorded Data (Ft-Lbs Unit)
KILL SHEET
PRE-RECORDED DATA
Kill Rate Pressure
Original Mud Weight ppg SPM
Annulus Volume bbl
Drill String Volume
a.Drill Pipe Capacity
bbl/ft ft = bbl
b.HWDP Capacity
bbl/ft ft = bbl
c.Drill Collar Capacity
bbl/ft ft = bbl
Total Drill String Volume = bbl
Pump Out put bbl/stk @ Efficiency
Drill String Vol. bbl
Drill String Strokes = stks
Pump Output bbl/stk
Max. Allowable Casing Pressure psi @ ppg
#1 PP #2 PP
Pressure Chart (Ft-Lbs Unit)
PRESSURE CHART
STROKES PRESSURE
0
Initial Circulation Pressure
Strokes
to BIT Final Circulation Pressure
1 stk psi/stk
Kick Data & Calculations (Ft-Lbs Unit)
KICK DATA
SIDPP psi
SICP psi
Pit Gain bbl
TVD ft
CALCULATIONS
Formation Pressure
SIDPP TVD OMW
psi+ 0.052 = psi
Kill Mud Weight
SIDPP psi
OMW = ppg
0.052 TVD ft
Initial Circulation Pressure
SIDPP psi KRP psi = psi
Final Circulation Pressure
KMW
KRP psi = psi
OMW
How Kick Volume affect ?
Drillers Method vs. Wait & Weight Method - 1
Drillers Method vs. Wait & Weight Method - 2
Drillers Method vs. Wait & Weight Method - 3
Drillers Method vs. Wait & Weight Method - 4
Drillers Method vs. Wait & Weight Method - 5
Pressure Change at Casing Shoe
Leak Off Test
Pump Volume to Increase 1,000 psi
Maximum Allowable Casing Pressure (MKS Unit)
MACP = LOP -TVD
SHOE
x 0.1 x (MW
2
-MW
1
)

Where

MACP : Maximum allowable casing pressure; ksc
TVD : True vertical depth; meter
MW1 : Mud weight at Leak off test; sg
MW2 : Mud weight at drilling; sg

Maximum Allowable Casing Pressure (Ft-Lbs Unit)
MACP=(Leak off pressure)-(TVD shoe x 0.052
x (MW2 MW1))

Where:

MACP : Maximum allowable casing pressure; psi
TVD : True vertical depth; ft
MW1 : Mud weight at Leak off test; ppg
MW2 : Mud weight at drilling; ppg
Various Well Control Methods
BHP Increase with Gas Migration
Applied Volumetric Method
Applied Volumetric Method
No Drill Strings in well
Bit Nozzle(s) plugged
Bit off bottom
Mud Pump failure
Volumetric Method Procedure
1. Record SICP
2. Rig up choke line output into measuring tank.
3. Calculate the volume of fluid to be bled that provides
100psi hydrostatic pressure.
4. Monitor SICP & allow it to increase by the same
increment.
5. When pressure has increased by 100 psi, note the new
SICP. Hold this new csg pressure constant by operating
choke. Measure the amount of accumulated mud bled off
and when its volume equals the volume calculated, close
well.
6. Repeat step 4and 5.

Volumetric Method - 1
Volumetric Method - 2
Volumetric Method - 3
Volumetric Method - 4
P.choke = Pa + Ps + Pw
= 700 + 100 + 50
= 850

Pa : Initial SICP
Ps : Safety Margin
Pw : Working Margin

Volumetric Method - 5
Lubrication Method - 1
Lubrication Method - 2
Underground Blowout 1

Underground Blowout - 2
Underground Blowout, Offshore Well - 3
Late 1970s loss
Offshore Papua
New Guinea
Northeast Austrailia
Underground Blowout, Offshore Production Platform - 4
Troubles during Kick Control
Float Sub (right) and various Float Valves

How to read SIDPP during use of Float Valve

Method

Refer to drawing on next page

Method 2

ICP = SIDPP + KRP or SIDPP = ICP - KRP
To Know SIDPP with Float Valve
Surface BOP Stack
Function of BOP
Well Shut-In
Pump into Shut-In well
Discharge well fluids from Shut-In well
Can do Stripping in and out of shut-In well
Annular Type BOP - 1
Annular Type BOP - 2
Head
Wear Plate
Piston
Packing
Unit
Opening
Chamber
Closing
Chamber
Advantage & Disadvantage of Annular BOP
Advantage
Close around pipes of variable sizes and shapes
Close without pipes
Stripping by itself
Well pressure assists to close
Disadvantage
No pipe hang-off capability
Cant stop pipe upward movement due to well
pressure
Cant close manually
To avoid or minimize Packing Element damage

Minimize close/open operation in normal
situation
Minimize pipe movement while Shut-In
Avoid Shut-In without pipe
Avoid Stripping unless emergency situation
Ram Type BOP
Advantage of Ram Type BOP
Advantage
Capable of higher pressure than
Annular type BOP
Drill Pipe hanging capability
Can stop pipe upward movement due to
well pressure
Self-feeding mechanism to compensate
ram packing element wear

Disadvantage

Pipe Rams can close around only
specific outside diameter of pipe,
except Variable Bore Rams
Well cant close without pipe,
except Blind or Shear/Blind Rams
Cant strip Pipe Rams itself
Disadvantage of Ram Type BOP
Operational principle of BOPRam Close
Position
Operational principle of BOPRam Open Position
Pipe Ram
Blind Ram
Blind & Shear Ram


Variable Bore Ram
Accumulator unit
Consisting of
Tank
Recharging Pump
Electrical driven Pump
Air driven pump
Control Manifold
Accumulator Bottles
Overview of BOP Control System

BOP Accumulator Unit

BOP Accumulator Unit

BOP Control System Operation Diagram
BOP Remote Control Panel

Choke Manifold
Hydraulic Operated Remote Choke

Remote Choke Control Panel
Manual Adjustable Choke

Single Bubble Flow Model
2 Phase, Bubble & Slug Flow