Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Calculations
Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
Counting Atoms
Mg burns in air (O2) to produce white magnesium oxide, MgO. How can we figure out how much oxide is produced from a given mass of Mg?
Copyright 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to:Permissions Department, Harcourt BraceBrace & Company, 6277 Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt & Company All rights reserved Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, Florida 32887-6777
Counting Atoms
Chemistry is a quantitative science we need a counting unit. The MOLE 1 mole is the amount of substance that contains as many particles (atoms, molecules) as there are in 12.0 g of 12C.
Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
Particles in a Mole
Avogadros Number
6.0221367 x
Amedeo Avogadro 1776-1856
23 10
Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
Particles in a Mole
Avogadros Number
6.0221367 x
Amedeo Avogadro 1776-1856
23 10
Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
Molar Mass
1 mol of 12C = 12.00 g of C = 6.022 x 1023 atoms of C 12.00 g of 12C is its MOLAR MASS Taking into account all of the isotopes of C, the molar mass of C is 12.011 g/mol
Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
Molar Mass
1 mol of 12C = 12.00 g of C = 6.022 x 1023 atoms of C
13 Al 26.9815
Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
mass # moles
mass
# moles MW MW
mass MW
# moles mass
=
# moles
Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
Tylenol
How many moles of alcohol are there in a standard can of beer if there are 21.3 g of C2H6O?
(a) Molar mass of C2H6O = 46.08 g/mol (b) Calc. moles of alcohol
Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
How many moles of alcohol are there in a standard can of beer if there are 21.3 g of C2H6O?
(a) Molar mass of C2H6O = 46.08 g/mol (b) Calc. moles of alcohol
21.3 g 1 mol = 0.462 mol 46.08 g
Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
How many molecules of alcohol are there in a standard can of beer if there are 21.3 g of C2H6O?
We know there are 0.462 mol of C2H6O.
Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
How many molecules of alcohol are there in a standard can of beer if there are 21.3 g of C2H6O?
We know there are 0.462 mol of C2H6O.
6.022 x 1023 molecules 0.462 mol 1 mol
Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
How many atoms of C are there in a standard can of beer if there are 21.3 g of C2H6O?
We know there are 2.78 x 1023 molecules. Each molecule contains 2 C atoms. Therefore, the number of C atoms is
Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
How many atoms of C are there in a standard can of beer if there are 21.3 g of C2H6O?
We know there are 2.78 x 1023 molecules. Each molecule contains 2 C atoms. Therefore, the number of C atoms is
2 C atoms 23 2.78 x 10 molecules 1 molecule
Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
WEIGHT
Copyright 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to:Permissions Department, Harcourt BraceBrace & Company, 6277 Sea Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt & Company All rightsDrive, reserved Harbor Orlando, Florida 32887-6777
WEIGHT
Ethanol, C2H6O 52.13% C, 13.15% H, 34.72% O
Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
Percent Composition
Consider some of the family of nitrogenoxygen compounds: NO2, nitrogen dioxide and closely related, NO, nitrogen monoxide (or nitric oxide)
Percent Composition
Consider NO2, Molar mass = ? What is the weight percent of N and of O?
Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
Percent Composition
Consider NO2, Molar mass = ? What is the weight percent of N and of O?
14.0 g N Wt. % N = 100% = 30.4 % 46.0 g NO2
Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
Percent Composition
Consider NO2, Molar mass = ? What is the weight percent of N and of O?
14.0 g N Wt. % N = 100% = 30.4 % 46.0 g NO2
Wt. % O 2 (16 . 0 g O per mole ) x 100 % 69 . 6% 46 . 0 g
Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
Percent Composition
Consider NO2, Molar mass = ? What is the weight percent of N and of O?
14.0 g N Wt. % N = 100% = 30.4 % 46.0 g NO2
Wt. % O 2 (16 . 0 g O per mole ) x 100 % 69 . 6% 46 . 0 g
Determining Formulas
In chemical analysis we determine the % by weight of each element in a given amount of pure compound and derive the EMPIRICAL or SIMPLEST formula.
Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
1 mol 81.10 g B = 7.502 mol B 10.81 g 1 mol 18.90 g H = 18.75 mol H 1.008 g
Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
18.75 mol H 2.499 mol H 2.5 mol H = = 7.502 mol B 1.000 mol B 1.0 mol B
Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
18.75 mol H 2.499 mol H 2.5 mol H = = 7.502 mol B 1.000 mol B 1.0 mol B
But we need a whole number ratio. 2.5 mol H/1.0 mol B = 5 mol H to 2 mol B
A compound of B and H is 81.10% B. Its empirical formula is B2H5. What is its molecular formula?
Is the molecular formula B2H5, B4H10, B6H15, B8H20, etc.?
B 2H 6
A compound of B and H is 81.10% B. Its empirical formula is B2H5. What is its molecular formula?
We need to do an EXPERIMENT to find the MOLAR MASS. Here experiment gives 53.3 g/mol Compare with the mass of B2H5 = 26.66 g/unit Find the ratio of these masses.
Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
A compound of B and H is 81.10% B. Its empirical formula is B2H5. What is its molecular formula?
We need to do an EXPERIMENT to find the MOLAR MASS.
Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
A compound of B and H is 81.10% B. Its empirical formula is B2H5. What is its molecular formula?
We need to do an EXPERIMENT to find the MOLAR MASS.
Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
1.534 x 10
-2
mol I
Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
1.534 x 10
-2
mol I
Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
Hydrated Compounds
Compounds which water molecules are associated with the ions of the compound Usually determine experimentally Weigh the hydrated product dry by heat weigh the anhydrous product convert g to moles find mole ratio
Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved