Energy and Chemical Changes Powerpoint SPM

5.
1 Understanding physical and chemical changes Student will be able to : explain what physical change is, explain what chemical change is, give examples of physical changes in daily life, give examples of chemical changes in daily life, Compare and contrast physical changes and chemical changes.
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ENERGY CHANGES
PHYSICAL CHANGES
CHEMICAL CHANGES
EXAMPLE 1 REVIEW 1 EXAMPLE 2 REVIEW 2
EXAMPLE 3 REVIEW 3
ENERGY CHANGES
PHYSICAL CHANGES
CHEMICAL CHANGES
ENDOTHERMIC REACTION
EXOTHERMIC REACTION
SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CHEMICALS AND PHYSICAL CHANGES

Chemical Change Physical change
Similarities
Substances can undergo changes .............................. physically
Differences
Yes Yes Difficult More
New substances formed Change in chemical composition Reversibility Energy needed
No
No
Easy Less
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THE END
A physical change is a change which does not produce a new substance. Only the physical state of the substance has changed.
BACK
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A chemical change is a change which produces a new substance. The new substance has chemical properties and composition different from the original substance.
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Ice cube Watch glass
Iodine crystal is heated, it changes from solid to gas
Iodine crystal
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Iodine crystal
purple vapour (Iodine vapour)
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Iodine crystal
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Iodine crystal
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Iodine crystal
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Iodine crystal
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Iodine crystal
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Iodine crystal
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Iodine crystal
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Black crystal
Iodine crystal
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Black crystal
Iodine crystal
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Black crystal
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Black crystal
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Black crystal
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Black crystal (iodine)
Iodine vapour
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iodine is heated, purple vapour When the .. is formed. solid gas without Iodine changes from .to liquid state (sublimation). going through the .. touches the cold When the iodine vapour surface of the watch glass, the vapour changes .. solid back into .. state (black crystal). iodine Solid . forms on the lower surface of the watch glass. The change of solid iodine into iodine vapour is reversible .. physical This is a .change. BACK
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ICE CUBE
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ice same Water and ................ have the ...................... particles.

The differences between water and ice are in terms of the arrangement movement ...............................and ......................... of the particles. change into .................. water Ice can easily ................... heated ....................... Yes Is this a reversible process ? ........................ when it is
Absorbed Is energy absorbed or released ? ...........................

No Is new product formed ? .....................
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ribbon burns with a ............... bright flame and The magnesium .................... white ash. forms .............. During the process: heat light - ..................... and .................... are given off. oxygen Magnesium combines with ...................in the air to magnesium oxide form ......................
magnesium oxide is different from .................................. magnesium ..................................,

magnesium oxide (white ash ) .
Magnesium + oxygen
(grey metal)
No Is this a reversible process ?........................

Released Is energy absorbed or released ? ........................... Yes Is new product formed ? ..................... BACK
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rust oxygen water Iron nails ........................... when ........................ and ......................... are present. brown substance that consists of................................ iron oxide Rusts is a .................
Water Iron ................... + Oxygen + ....................
Iron oxide (Rust) .............................
No Is this reversible process ? ..................... Absorbed Is energy absorbed or released ? ........................... Yes Is new product formed ?.....................
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An endothermic reaction is a reaction which absorbs heat energy from the surroundings.
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An exothermic reaction is a reaction which releases heat energy to the surroundings.
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5.2 Analysing heat change in chemical reactions Student will be able to : State that chemical reactions involve heat change, Identify reactions involving heat lost, Identify reactions involving heat gain, Relate changes in temperature of reactants to exothermic reactions, Relate changes in temperature of reactants to endothermic reactions, Explain through examples heat changes that occur during industrial chemical reaction.
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Heat is absorbed or released during a chemical reaction

You are given ammonium chloride and sodium hydroxide as the chemical substances. a. Based on the above statement, write a suitable hypothesis. (1 mark) b. Describe an experiment that you can carry out in the laboratory to prove this hypothesis.
Your description should contain the following:

i. Aim of the experiment ii. Identify the variables iii. List of apparatus and materials iv. Method v. Tabulation of data (1 mark) (2 marks) (1 mark) (4 marks) (1 mark)
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WHY I DO (AIM) To study ..
WHEN I CHANGE, WHAT WILL HAPPEN TO WHAT I MEASURE (HYPOTHESIS)
WHAT I WANT TO CHANGE MV
WHAT IS FIXED CV
WHAT I SHOULD MEASURE RV
STATEMENT
METHOD I USE . PROCEDURE 7
Diagram
WHAT APPARATUS & MATERIALS ?
DATA THAT I WANT TO COLLECT (TABULATION OF DATA) WHAT I CHANGE WHAT I MEASURE
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WHAT I WANT TO CHANGE MV
WHAT IS FIXED CV
Diagram
METHOD I USE . PROCEDURE
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TYPE OF SUBSTANCE MV
WHAT IS FIXED CV
Diagram
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TYPE OF SUBSTANCE
MV
WHAT IS FIXED CV
Final Temperature
RV
Diagram
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Heat is absorbed or released during a chemical reaction.
TYPE OF SUBSTANCE
MV
WHAT IS FIXED CV
Final Temperature
RV
Diagram
WHAT APPARATUS & MATERIALS
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To study that heat is absorbed or released during chemical reaction
TYPE OF SUBSTANCE
MV
WHAT IS FIXED CV
Final Temperature
RV
Diagram
WHAT APPARATUS & MATERIALS
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5 To study that heat is absorbed or released during chemical reaction
2TYPE OF SUBSTANCE
MV
WHAT IS FIXED CV
Final Temperature
RV

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Diagram
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1. Pour 10 ml of distilled water into each test tube A, B & C and record the initial temperature. 2. Add a spatula of ammonium chloride into test tube B and stir . 3. Add a spatula of sodium hydroxide into test tube C and stir. 4. Maintain test tube A as a control. 5. Record the final temperature in a table.
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5
To study that heat is absorbed or released during chemical reaction

9 3
TYPE OF SUBSTANCE
MV
WHAT IS FIXED CV
Final Temperature
RV
1
6

Diagram
7 test tube, 1. Pour 10 ml of distilled water into each test tube A, B & C thermometer, spatula, and record the initial temperature. Ammonium chloride, 2. Add a spatula of ammonium chloride into test tube B and stir . Sodium hydroxide & 3. Add a spatula of sodium hydroxide into test tube C and stir. Distilled water 4. Maintain test tube A as a control. 5. Record the final temperature in a table.
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TYPE OF SUBSTANCE
MV
WHAT IS FIXED CV
Final Temperature
RV
1
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Heat is absorbed or released during a chemical reaction Diagram
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Pour 10 ml of distilled water into each test tube A, B & C and record the initial temperature. Add a spatula of ammonium chloride into test tube B and stir . Add a spatula of sodium hydroxide into test tube C and stir. Maintain test tube A as a control. Record the final temperature in a table.
test tube, thermometer, spatula, Ammonium chloride, Sodium hydroxide & distilled water
DATA THAT I WANT (TABULATION OF DATA) Test tube InitialCOLLECT Temperature (oC) Final temperature (oC) WHAT I CHANGE WHAT I MEASURE A
B
8 8
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TYPE OF SUBSTANCE MV
Volume of distilled water
CV
3 Final Temperature
RV

1
6
Diagram
7
test tube, thermometer, spatula, Ammonium chloride, Sodium hydroxide & distilled water
Test tube InitialTemperature (oC) Final temperature (oC) 8 A DATA THAT I WANT COLLECT (TABULATION OF DATA) 8 WHAT BI CHANGE WHAT I MEASURE C
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a. Hypothesis : Heat is absorbed or released during a chemical reaction depends on type of substances used
b. i. Aim
: To study that heat is absorbed or released during a chemical reaction
ii. Variables : manipulated : type of substances responding : Final temperature constant : volume of distilled water//Initial temperature iii. Apparatus & materials : test tube, spatula, thermometer, ammonium chloride, sodium hydroxide and distilled water.
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iv. Procedure :
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TABULATION OF DATA :
TEST TUBE
A B C
INITIAL TEMPERATURE (oC)
FINAL TEMPERATURE (oC)
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Learning area: 5. Energy and chemical changes

Learning Objectives : 5.3 Synthesizing the reactivity series of metal Learning Outcomes : A student is able to : Describe the reactivity of metals with water, dilute acid and oxygen Compare and contrast the reactivity of metals with water, acid and oxygen Arrange metals in order of reactivity with water, acid and water Identify the carbon in the reactivity series Construct the reactivity series of metals based on reactivity of metal with oxygen
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A.REACTIVITY OF METALS WITH WATER

The reaction of metal with water will produce hydrogen gas and alkali
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Sodium and calcium (very active metal) reacts very fast in cold water. Magnesium, aluminium and zinc (less active metal) reacts with hot water or steam. Non active metals such as gold and silver do not react with either water or steam.
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Chemical equations
Sodium + Water Sodium + hydroxide hydrogen
Magnesium + Water
Magnesium + hydrogen oxide
For experiment : Refer to Appendix 1
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B.
REACTIVITY OF METALS WITH DILUTE ACID
Some metals react with dilute acid to produce salt and hydrogen General equation: METAL + ACID SALT + HYDROGEN
Magnesium, aluminium and zinc react with dilute acid Copper, silver and gold do not react with dilute acid
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2.Type of salt produced depends on the type of acid used.

Examples:
Zinc + sulphuric acid

Magnesium + sulphuric acid
zinc sulphate + hydrogen

magnesium sulphate + hydrogen
Aluminium + sulphuric acid
Aluminium sulphate + hydrogen
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C.
REACTIVITY OF METALS WITH OXYGEN

air When heated in ......................, most metals react with oxygen metal oxide .......................to form ...........................
Metal + Oxygen General equation
metal oxide ...........................
brighter The more reactive the metal, the ...........................
the flame produced.

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The reactivity of metals with oxygen depends on the reactivity series
Metal
+ Oxygen
Metal oxide Iron oxide Zinc oxide
Iron + oxygen Zinc + metal

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Symbol
Reactivity
Metal
Reaction with water
Reaction with steam
Reaction with acid
Reaction with oxygen
K Na Ca
Most Reactive
Potassium Sodium Calcium Magnesium Aluminium Zinc Iron Tin (Stanum) Lead Copper Silver
Hydrogen gas released Metal hydroxides formed No reaction No reaction No reaction No reaction No reaction No reaction No reaction
Explosion
Explosion Violent reaction
Burn brightly forming oxides
Mg
Al Zn Fe Sn Pb Cu
Hydrogen gas released Metal oxides formed
React fast Hydrogen gas released Metal salts formed
Burn if strongly heated
No reaction No reaction No reaction
React slowly Hydrogen gas released No reaction
Metals do not burn but oxide layer formed
Ag
Au Pt
Least Reactive
No reaction
No reaction No reaction
No reaction
No reaction
No reaction
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Gold Platinum
Carbon and reactivity series

Metal compounds higher up in the reactivity series are more stable (not easily decomposed by heat). These metal compounds can only be decomposed by electrolysis. Example: Decomposition of sodium chloride by electrolysis.
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Compounds of metals lower down in the reactivity series are less stable and can be decompose easily by heating. These metal oxides can be reduced by carbon (reducing agent) into metal and carbon dioxide. Example:
Zinc oxide + Carbon Zinc + Carbon dioxide
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Symbol Mg Al C
Reactivity
Reaction of metal oxides with carbon No reaction No reaction
Least active
Zn
Fe
Less active
Active
Sn
Pb
Most active
More active
Most active
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Oxygen
Water Acid
with
Reactivity of metals
Energy and chemical changes
Reaction of metal oxides with carbon
Extraction of metal ores by carbon and electrolysis

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REVISION
Refer Appendix-4 My Experiment Sheet
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All the best!!!!!!!
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5.4 Applying the concepts of the reactivity series of metal
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Learning Objectives : 5.4 Applying the concepts of the reactivity series of metal
Learning Outcomes : A student is able to : Relate the position of metals in the reactivity series to the method of extraction of metals from their ores. Explain with examples the process of extraction of a metal from its ore using carbon. State the importance of the reactivity series.
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CONCEPTS OF REACTIVITY SERIES

A more reactive metal can take oxygen from the oxide of other less reactive metal to form the less reactive metal and the oxide of the more reactive metal. Example:
Aluminium + iron oxide
More reactive metal
Oxide of less reactive metal
iron + aluminium oxide

Less reactive metal Oxide of more Reactive metal
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A more reactive non-metal (carbon) also can take oxygen from the oxide of other less reactive metal to form the less reactive metal and carbon dioxide. Example:
Carbon + iron oxide
More reactive nonmetal Oxide of less reactive metal
iron + carbon dioxide

Less reactive metal
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Extraction of metals
Metal Potassium Sodium Calcium Magnesium Aluminium Carbon Zinc Iron Tin Lead Copper Mercury Silver Gold Exist in metal form
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Extraction method
Electrolysis
By heating the ore with carbon in a furnace
Heating the ore alone
EXTRACTION OF TIN FROM TIN ORE (CASSITERITE)
200oC
Sulphur + arsenic
400oC
Tin ore + carbon limestone Tin +Carbon dioxide
Sulphur dioxide + arsenic oxide

1000oC
1400oC
Blast furnace Hot air Slag is used as road surfaces Liquid tin is collected at bottom of furnace
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All the best!!!!!!!
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INSTRUCTION Teacher introduces the topic with the aid of Diagram 1. Students find the definition of every terminology involved with the aid of guided worksheet 1. Teacher explains one example of electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide. (Refer slide 5) Based on the example above, students try out electrolysis of molten copper(II)chloride.(Refer slide 6) Students in each group collect and gather information about the uses of electrolysis by using text book or reference book. (Refer slide 8 13) Teacher facilitates students and discusses answers. Students are tested verbally on the learning outcomes. (Refer slide14-19) Students in each group develop a mind map, starts with the main ideas of electrolysis. (Refer slide 20) At the end of the lesson, students do the self test. 80 (Refer slide 21 -23)
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5.5. UNDERSTANDING ELECTROLYSIS
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5.5. UNDERSTANDING ELECTROLYSIS
1 State what electrolysis is 2 State what anode, cathode, anion, cation and electrolyte are 3 Describe the electrolysis of an electrolyte using carbon electrodes 4 Explain the uses of electrolysis in industry
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5.5
ELECTROLYSIS
Switch Ammeter
A
Rheostat
Diagram 1
Anode
Cathode
anion
Cation
Electrolyte
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Worksheet 1 Meaning of Electrolysis

Electrolysis Electrolyte Electrodes
decomposition of substance using ..................... electricity Process of .................................... decomposes whenelectricity Substance that ........................... passes through. enter or .................. leave Substance that allow electricity to..................
an electrolyte.
Cathode Anode Cations Anions
negative The ............................... electrode positive The ................................. electrode positively charged ions .......................... negatively charged ions ...........................
Electrical energy
?
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The Experiment Electrolysis of molten lead (II) bromide
Lead Bromine
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2. Electrolysis of molten lead (II) bromide

Anode
negatively The .............................. charged bromide ..................... ions move to the anode
Cathode
positively The .............................. charged lead ..................... ions move to the
cathode
Bromide ....................... ions release electrons .......................... to the anode and form bromine ...............................molecules Bromide ............. Lead ................... ions receive electrons .........................from the cathode and lead become ........................ atom. Lead ion + electron ................. Lead ........atom deposited Lead metal is ............................. on cathode the ...................
ion + electron .............
bromine ................molecules Two ............. bromine atoms form one
bromine molecule
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2. Electrolysis of molten copper (II) chloride

Anode
negatively The .............................. charged chloride ..................... ions move to the anode
Cathode
positively The .............................. charged copper ..................... ions move to the
cathode
Chloride ....................... ions release electrons .......................... into the anode and chlorine form ...............................molecules chloride ............. ion + electron .............. Copper ................... ions receive electrons .........................from the cathode and copper atom. turn into ........................ copper ion .....................
+ electron
chloride ...............molecules Two ............. chlorine atoms form one
copper atom ............. deposited Copper metal is .............................
chlorine molecule
on the cathode ...................
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USES OF ELECTROLYSIS IN INDUSTRY
A. Electroplating

corrode Objects made of iron .................. easily when exposed to air.
coated prevent To ........................... iron objects from corrosion, they are
with a thin layer of non reactive metal such as copper. The aims of electroplating are to make objects more ....................... and .................. to corrosion.
resistant
attractive
Click for experiment
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The figure shows an iron spoon being electroplated with copper.
cathode i) An iron spoon is used as the ........................ anode ii) Copper is used as the .............. copper iii) The electrolyte is a solution of ......................
compound
At the anode :
The copper dissolves forming
positively ............................charged copper ions. Copper as anode

At the cathode:
The .................... ions receive electrons,

forming a coat of ...................... on iron spoon. A rheostat is used to control the current flow in Iron spoon small the circuit so that a ..................... and steady
copper
copper
current is used. This is to ensure that the coating
Copper sulphate solution
firm even is .......................... and ......................

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NON-REACTIVE METALS SUCH AS COPPER , SILVER AND GOLD
ARE FOUND AS FREE ELEMENTS.

THESE METALS CONTAIN IMPURITIES AND CAN BE PURIFIED BY ELECTROLYSIS
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THE IMPURE METAL IS THE ANODE
THE PURE METAL OF THE SAME TYPE IS THE CATHODE
THE ELECTROLYTE IS THE METAL SALT SOLUTION CONSISTING OF METALLIC IONS WHICH IS TO BE PURIFIED
IN THE PURIFICATION OF COPPER; The impure copper is used as anode The pure copper is used as cathode The electrolyte is copper sulphate solution
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RELAX SESSION
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B. Extraction of metals
anode carbon
Oxygen gases
Cathode carbon
Bauxite + cryolite
Molten aluminium
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B. Extraction of metals
At the cathode
aluminium i) The positively charged ....................... Electrolysis is a process to extract metals magnesium and such as sodium, ...................... reactive aluminium which are more .................... than carbon. Aluminium is extracted through electrolysis from molten bauxite .............................. ions are attracted to the cathode. ii) Aluminium ions receive electrons atoms and become aluminium ......................
At the anode:
i) The negatively charged oxide ..................... ions are attracted to the anode.
DIAGRAM
ii) Oxide ions release electrons to
become
oxygen atoms ...................
iii) The oxygen atom pairs together to form oxygen ............ gas
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A
Anode (impure copper) Cathode ( Pure copper)
C. Purification of metals
A
Copper sulphate solution
Mass of anode
decreases ..................
Impurities
Mass of cathode increases .................. 116
The diagram shows how electrolysis is used to purify copper impure copper The anode is made of ..
pure copper The cathode is made of .. copper sulphate solution The electrolyte used is .. When electricity is passed through the electrolyte: i) The copper anode dissolves to form . copper ions ii) The positively charged copper ions are attracted to cathode the cathode iii) Copper ions receive electrons from the . and form copper atoms which are deposited on the cathode impurities iv) At the same time the settle to the bottom
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DISCUSSION
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**TASK 1
Label the diagram above.
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**TASK 2
Choose the correct answer.
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**TASK 3
DRAW YOUR OWN MIND MAP !!! * MAIN IDEA: USES OF ELECTROLYSIS
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ELECTROLYSIS is a process of breaking down chemical substances in aqueous solution or molten state to its constituents by using .. Electrical energy .......... energy
(molten aluminium oxide) G . EXAMPLE: (At cathode):Aluminium ion + electrons Aluminium atom (At anode):Oxide ion Oxygen atom + electron
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ELECTROPLATING IRON NAIL WITH COPPER Name of process : .. Metal M: ... Electrolyte,N: .. **To obtain a good quality: 1. Dilute should be used.
2 Use .. electric current.
Metal becomes ..
Iron nail is coated with .. layer.
ANODE:
CATHODE: . 127
**TASK 4
PURIFICATION OF COPPER
Name of process : .. Electrolyte,P: .. ***The presence of impurities in copper will . its electrical conductivity. Hence, copper has to be . before it is used as a conductor of electricity.
Impure copper.. And impurities are left at the base.
metal is formed and becomes ..
ANODE:
CATHODE: . 128
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5.6 Understanding the production of electrical energy from chemical reactions
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Learning Objectives 5.6 Understanding the production of electrical energy from chemical reactions. Learning Outcomes A student is able to : i) Describe how a simple cell works ii) List the various types of cells and their uses iii) State the advantages of and disadvantages of various types of cells
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SIMPLE CELL
Electrochemical cell 1
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THE PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY BY A SIMPLE CELL

G
A simple cell consists of two

electrodes electrolyte ....................... and an...........................
Zinc plate ................
Two electrodes made of two different

metals ............... salt solution The electrolyte can be a .........................., dilute acid dilute alkali ....................... or ...............................
Copper ................ ........ plate
The diagram shows a simple cell circuit.

copper (II) sulphate solution ........................................................
In the cell,
Zinc i) .................... and copper plates are used electrodes as .....................
Cont 3 Cont 4
Zinc ii) ................ is more reactive than copper
copper (II) sulphate 136 iii) The electrolyte used is ..............................

solution
EXERCISE 1
In a simple cell, the more reactive metal acts as the negative ......................... terminal which gives out electron and the positive less reactive metals acts as the ...................... terminal.
negative In this process, the zinc plate is the ................... electrode positive and the copper plate is the ...................... electrode. electrons The .................. from the zinc atoms flow to the copper zinc electrode through the connecting wire. Thus the .................. electrode dissolves in the electrolyte. hydrogen At the copper electrode , ........................ ion from the electrolyte receives the electrons. positive The flow of electron from ..................electrode to ............... electrode through the connecting wire deflect the galvanometer. This proves that the process produces 137 electrical ........................... energy. negative
CELL AND THEIR USAGE

Type of cells
Dry cells
.............................. Remote control ...Alarm clock .............................. Used in vehicles .............................. .... .... .............................. .....
Radios Torchlights Toys
Uses Transistor radio
............................ Small ............................ Portable

Cheap .............................. High voltage ...................................... ..............................
Advantages Light
Disadvantages Non-rechargeable ............................ Not long lasting
............................ Leakage may happen .............................. Heavy ............................ ............................

Acid might spill .............................. Distilled water need to be added Expensive
Wet cells
.....
Rechargeable Long-lasting
...................................... ...... ...................................... Large current ...... Constant voltage

Small, long-lasting ...................................... Portable Steady voltage Long-lasting
..............................
Non-rechargeable
Alkaline batteries
Watches, ..............................
....
Calculators,
Hearing aids Cameras
...
Expensive Non-rechargeable
.
Use in electronic such as devices digital camera
...................................... Constant current ... ...................................... Long-lasting

Rechargeable
................................... ADV 5 ..
Expensive
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GOOD LUCK
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5.7 LIGHT AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS

CLICK HERE
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LEARNING AREA ENERGY AND CHEMICAL CHANGES

LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1.7 Understanding chemical reactions that occur in the presence of light LEARNING OUTCOMES A student is able to give examples of chemical reactions which require light, explain the effect of light on photosensitive chemicals, explain why certain chemicals are stored in dark bottles.
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INSTRUCTIONS: 1. Teacher distributes mahjung paper, marker pen and Worksheet 1. 2. Teacher groups the students and asks them to make a Mind Map. Then answer the questions in Worksheet 1 (Time given : 30 minutes) 3. Teacher facilitates students in their work. 4. Teacher will discuss the mind map the students have done. 5. Teacher will use this power point and the teaching courseware from PPK during discussion.
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MIND MAP
Light Energy and Photographic Film
Chemical Changes Caused by Light Energy
Light and Chemical Reactions
Storing Photosensitive Chemicals
CLICK HERE 148
Examples
of photosensitive chemicals
Silver bromide
Hydrogen peroxide
Silver chloride
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Photosensitive Chemicals
sensitive to light . Some chemicals are .................. decompose when ........................ exposed The chemicals will ................... to light.
Examples of photosensitive chemicals are .................................... and

silver nitrate ............................................
stored The chemicals cannot be .................. in a glass bottle.
hydrogen peroxide
Hydrogen peroxide
water oxygen
water oxygen .................. + ...........
light decomposes into In the presence of ......................... ,hydrogen peroxide ......................
..................... and ..............
Silver chloride
silver chlorine ...................... + ............... opaque
silver chlorine Silver chloride decomposes into ........................... and ..........................
The chemicals are stored in an ..................... glass bottle.
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Instructions : Students are asked to answer the questions in Worksheet 2 after discussion.
Water and mineral salts are absorbed from the soil by the roots light energy .................
Photosynthesis
chlorophyll During photosynthesis, ................... light energy (green pigment) absorbs .......................... split The energy is used to ............. the .
Oxygen is released into the air
Glucose is sent to the whole plant
water ..................... molecules into hydrogen oxygen ....................... and ....................... Oxygen .........................is released into the air ............................... hydrogen The ........................ atoms reacts with
Carbon dioxide is absorbed from the air Carbon dioxide ..................................
glucose carbon dioxide to form .........................
Water ................................ +
sunlight Chlorophyll
Glucose + ............................
Oxygen .............................
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS
chlorophyll carbon dioxide oxygen glucose
water
water oxygen + . .
carbon dioxide
+ .
glucose
Sunlight .
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LEARNING OUTCOMES A student is able to; explain the effect of light on photosensitive chemicals, explain why certain chemicals are stored in dark bottles. Instruction: Teacher directs the students to carry out the group activity.
Aim : To study the effect of light on chemical reactions
1 Students carry out an activity in groups to study the effect of light on photographic paper 2 Teacher distributes a piece of photographic paper to each group. 3. Students place a leaf on the photographic paper and put it in the sunlight. 4. After 10 minutes, students record their observations. 5. Students discuss the effect of light on photographic paper and present their findings.
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Observation Part of photographic paper Covered with leaf Exposed to light Observation
Analysis 1. What inference can be made from your observation?
2. Write a word equation for the reaction of silver bromide with light.
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3. (a) Is the reaction in this experiment a chemical reaction? (b) What inference can be made from your answer in 3 (a)?
4 Suggest a way to store photographic film and photographic paper which are light sensitive.
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Instructions : Students are asked to answer questions in Worksheet 3 after discussion. Photographic paper
silver bromide Photographic paper is coated with ......................... .
When ............... falls on the paper, silver bromide is

decomposed .......................... into ........................... and ....................... . silver The formation of .................... atoms on the photographic silver bromine
light
paper causes....................... black areas on the paper.
greyish
Silver bromide
...................... + ............... (Grey)
Silver
Bromine
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Storage of chemical substances

The chemicals are stored in opaque containers or dark coloured bottles.
CLICK 157 HERE
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5.8 THE BENEFITS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
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LEARNING AREA : ENERGY AND CHEMICAL CHANGES

5.8 Appreciating the innovative efforts in the design of equipment using chemical reactions as sources of energy
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LEARNING OUTCOMES A student is able to : - describe how energy obtained from chemical reactions should be used efficiently to prevent wastage - describe how equipment utilising chemical reactions as sources of energy should be disposed to reduce environmental pollution - give suggestions on new ways of using chemical reactions as sources of energy for equipment - put into practice good habits when using and disposing equipment that uses chemical reaction as a source of energy
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CONTENT OF THESE LEARNING OUTCOMES - equipments using chemical reactions
- efficient use to prevent wastage - proper disposal - alternative sources of energy - use energy saving electrical appliances - iron all the clothes at one time - turn off all electrical appliances when not in use - use fluorescent lamps instead of bulbs - close refrigerator door as soon as possible - (other possible answers)
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Group Work : Students do a mind map on the innovative efforts in the design of equipment using chemical reactions as sources of energy linking all the learning outcomes.
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Students can obtain the information from websites, books, magazines, journals or newspapers. (Note : An example is shown below)
#Slides 13,14,15 are motivational slides, to be used when needed.
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Mind map
Equipments using chemical reactions
Efficient use to prevent wastage
Proper Disposal
# continue next slide
Alternative sources of energy
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Efficient use to prevent wastage
Use energy saving electrical appliances
Iron all the clothes at one time
Turn off electrical appliances when not in use
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Used batteries
Proper Disposal
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Alternative sources of energy
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SELF TEST 1. Cellular phones use . batteries. 2. Name two appliances that use electrical energy. 3. Name the gas produced from the burning of fossil fuels that can cause acid rain. 4. Name a way you can help to conserve electricity in your home. 5. What happens when toxic substances are not disposed off properly?
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Answers to Self Test

1. rechargeable 2. toaster, computer, television 3. sulphur dioxide 4. Turn off the lights when not in use. 5. Toxic substances if not disposed off properly will cause environmental pollution.
174
Education
is not preparation for life; education is life itself.

175
MARIA MITCHELL: Study as if you were going to live forever; live as if you were going to die tomorrow..
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FRANCIS BACON: We cannot command nature except by obeying her.

LINDA HOGAN: There is a way that nature speaks, that land speaks. Most of the time we are simply not patient enough, quiet enough, to pay attention to the story
177
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
Love always,
178

Energy and Chemical Changes Powerpoint SPM

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Energy and Chemical Changes Powerpoint SPM

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5.

EXAMPLE 1 REVIEW 1 EXAMPLE 2 REVIEW 2

SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CHEMICALS AND PHYSICAL CHANGES

Substances can undergo changes .............................. physically

Yes Yes Difficult More

New substances formed Change in chemical composition Reversibility Energy needed

Ice cube Watch glass

Iodine crystal is heated, it changes from solid to gas

Ice cube Watch glass

purple vapour (Iodine vapour)

Ice cube Watch glass

Ice cube Watch glass

Ice cube Watch glass

purple vapour (Iodine vapour)

Ice cube Watch glass

Ice cube Watch glass

Ice cube Watch glass

Ice cube Watch glass

purple vapour (Iodine vapour)

Ice cube Watch glass

Ice cube Watch glass

Ice cube Watch glass

Ice cube Watch glass

Ice cube Watch glass

Ice cube Watch glass

Black crystal (iodine)

ice same Water and ................ have the ...................... particles.

Absorbed Is energy absorbed or released ? ...........................

magnesium oxide is different from .................................. magnesium ..................................,

No Is this a reversible process ?........................

Water Iron ................... + Oxygen + ....................

Iron oxide (Rust) .............................

An exothermic reaction is a reaction which releases heat energy to the surroundings.

Heat is absorbed or released during a chemical reaction

Your description should contain the following:

WHY I DO (AIM) To study ..

WHEN I CHANGE, WHAT WILL HAPPEN TO WHAT I MEASURE (HYPOTHESIS)

WHAT I WANT TO CHANGE MV

WHAT I SHOULD MEASURE RV

WHAT APPARATUS & MATERIALS ?

WHY I DO (AIM) To study ..

WHEN I CHANGE, WHAT WILL HAPPEN TO WHAT I MEASURE (HYPOTHESIS)

WHAT I WANT TO CHANGE MV

WHAT I SHOULD MEASURE RV

Heat is absorbed or released during a chemical reaction

METHOD I USE . PROCEDURE

WHAT APPARATUS & MATERIALS ?

WHY I DO (AIM) To study ..

WHEN I CHANGE, WHAT WILL HAPPEN TO WHAT I MEASURE (HYPOTHESIS)

WHAT I SHOULD MEASURE RV

Heat is absorbed or released during a chemical reaction

METHOD I USE . PROCEDURE

WHAT APPARATUS & MATERIALS ?

WHY I DO (AIM) To study ..

WHEN I CHANGE, WHAT WILL HAPPEN TO WHAT I MEASURE (HYPOTHESIS)

Heat is absorbed or released during a chemical reaction

METHOD I USE . PROCEDURE

WHAT APPARATUS & MATERIALS ?

WHY I DO (AIM) To study ..

Heat is absorbed or released during a chemical reaction.

Heat is absorbed or released during a chemical reaction

METHOD I USE . PROCEDURE

WHAT APPARATUS & MATERIALS

To study that heat is absorbed or released during chemical reaction