MATHEMATICAL REASONING

STATEMENT

A SENTENCE EITHER TRUE OR FALSE BUT NOT BOTH

STATEMENT
TEN IS LESS THAN ELEVEN

STATEMENT ( TRUE )
TEN IS LESS THAN ONE
STATEMENT ( FALSE)

PLEASE KEEP QUIET IN THE LIBRARY

NOT A STATEMENT

STATEMENT
no
1

Sentence

statement Not reason Statement

123 is divisible by 3
3+2=4

true

2 3 4 5

false
Neither true or false A question true

X-2 9
Is 1 a prime number? All octagons have eight sides

QUANTIFIERS
USED TO INDICATE THE QUANTITY ALL TO SHOW THAT EVERY OBJECT

SATISFIES CERTAIN CONDITIONS

SOME TO SHOW THAT ONE OR MORE

OBJECTS SATISFY CERTAIN CONDITIONS

QUANTIFIERS
EXAMPLE :
- All cats have four legs

- Some even numbers are divisible by 4

- All perfect squares are more than 0

OPERATIONS ON SETS
NEGATION The truth value of a statement can be changed by

adding the word not into a statement.

TRUE FALSE

NEGATION
EXAMPLE P : 2 IS AN EVEN NUMBER ( TRUE )

P (NOT P ) : 2 IS NOT AN EVEN

NUMBER (FALSE )

COMPOUND STATEMENT

COMPOUND STATEMENT
A compound statement is formed when two statements are combined by using

Or and

COMPOUND STATEMENT

P TRUE

Q TRUE

P AND Q TRUE

TRUE
FALSE FALSE

FALSE
TRUE FALSE

FALSE
FALSE FALSE

COMPOUND STATEMENT

P TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE

Q TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE

P OR Q TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE

COMPOUND STATEMENT
EXAMPLE : P : All even numbers can be divided by 2 ( TRUE ) Q : -6 > -1 ( FALSE )

and Q
FALSE

COMPOUND STATEMENT
P : All even numbers can be divided by 2 ( TRUE ) Q : -6 > -1 ( FALSE ) P

OR

TRUE

IMPLICATIONS
SENTENCES IN THE FORM

where

If

then q ,

p and q are statements

p is the antecedent q is the consequent

And

IMPLICATIONS
Example : If x3 = 64 , then x = 4 Antecedent : x3 = 64 Consequent : x = 4

IMPLICATIONS
Example :
Identify the antecedent and consequent for the implication below.

If the weather is fine this evening, then I will play football Answer :
Antecedent : the weather is fine this evening Consequent : I will play football

p if and only if q
The sentence in the form p if and only if q , is a compound statement containing two implications: a) If p , then q b) If q , then p

p if and only if q
p if and only if q

If p , then q

If q , then p

IMPLICATIONS

The converse of If p ,then q is if q , then p.

IMPLICATIONS

Example :

If x = -5 , then 2x 7 = -17

Mathematical reasoning
ARGUMENTS

ARGUMENTS
What is argument ? - A process of making conclusion based on a set of relevant information.
- Simple arguments are made up of two premises and

a conclusion

ARGUMENTS
Example : All quadrilaterals have four sides. A rhombus is a quadrilateral. Therefore, a rhombus has four sides.

ARGUMENTS

There are three forms of arguments

ARGUMENTS

Argument Form I ( Syllogism ) Premise 1 : All A is B

Premise 2 : C is A Conclusion : C is B

ARGUMENTS
Argument Form 1( Syllogism ) Make a conclusion based on the premises given below: Premise 1 : All even numbers can be divided by 2 Premise 2 : 78 is an even number Conclusion : 78 can be divided by 2

ARGUMENTS
Argument Form II ( Modus Ponens ): Premise 1 : If p , then q Premise 2 : p is true Conclusion : q is true

ARGUMENTS
Example Premise 1 : If x = 6 , then x + 4 = 10 Premise 2 : x = 6 Conclusion : x + 4 = 10

ARGUMENTS
Argument Form III (Modus Tollens ) Premise 1 : If p , then q Premise 2 : Not q is true Conclusion : Not p is true

ARGUMENTS
Example : Premise 1 : If ABCD is a square, then ABCD has four sides Premise 2 : ABCD does not have four sides. Conclusion : ABCD is not a square

ARGUMENTS
Completing the arguments
recognise the argument form Complete the argument according to its form

ARGUMENTS

Example Premise 1 : All triangles have a sum of interior angles of 180 Premise 2 : PQR is a triangle ___________________________ Conclusion : PQR has a sum of interior angles of 180
Argument Form I

ARGUMENTS

Premise 1 : If x - 6 = 10 , then x = 16 Premise 2 x 6 = 10 :__________________________ Conclusion : x = 16

Argument Form II

ARGUMENTS

If x divisible by 2 , then x is an even Premise 1 : __________________________ number

Premise 2 : x is not an even number Conclusion : x is not divisible by 2

Argument Form III

MATHEMATICAL REASONING
DEDUCTION AND INDUCTION

REASONING
There are two ways of making conclusions through

reasoning by

a) Deduction b) Induction

DEDUCTION

IS A PROCESS OF MAKING A SPECIFIC CONCLUSION BASED ON A GIVEN GENERAL STATEMENT

DEDUCTION
Example :
general

All students in Form 4X are present today. David is a student in Form 4X. Conclusion : David is present today

Specific

INDUCTION

A PROCESS OF MAKING A GENERAL CONCLUSION BASED ON SPECIFIC CASES.

INDUCTION

INDUCTION
Amy is a student in Form 4X. Amy likes Physics Carol is a student in Form 4X. Carol likes Physics Elize is a student in Form 4X. Elize likes Physics .. Conclusion : All students in Form 4X like Physics .

REASONING
Deduction

GENERAL

SPECIFIC

Induction