The Chemical Basis of Life

Ace Bryan S. Cabal

Matter, Mass and Weight

Matter- anything that occupies space Mass- amount of matter in an object Weight- gravitational force acting on an object of a given mass

Elements and Atoms

Element- the simplest type of matter with unique chemical properties Atom- is the smallest part of element that has chemical characteristics of that element

Atomic Structure
Neutrons- have no electrical charge Protons- have positive charges Electrons- have negative charges Nucleus- protons and neutrons Electron cloud- region in an atom where electrons are most likely found Atomic number- equal the number of protons in each atom; since the number of protons and electrons are equal, atomic number is also the number of electrons An atom is electrically neutral because it has the same number of H+ and e-

Electrons and Chemical Bonding

When an atom loses or gains electrons, the number of protons and electrons are no longer equal and the charged particle is called ion Ionic bonding- bonding of oppositely charged particles E.g. Na+ + Cl- = NaCl

Electrons and Chemical Bonding

Covalent bonding- results when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons forming a molecule E.g. H-H, O=C=O Hydrogen bond- attraction between a positive end and negative end of a molecule Molecule- formed when two or more atoms chemically combine Compound- made up of two or more different types of atoms are chemically combined

Ions and Electricity

Ions that dissociate in water are sometimes called electrolytes because they have the capacity to conduct an electrical current, which is the flow of charged particles

Chemical Reactions
Interxn of atoms, ions, molecules, or compounds to form or to break chemical bonds Reactants- substances that enter into a chemical reaction Products- substances that result from the chemical reaction

Classification of Chemical Reaction

1. Synthesis reaction- when 2 or more reactants combine to form a larger, more complex product e.g. A + B -> AB; A-P-P + Pi -> A-P-P-P 2. Decomposition reaction- reactants are broken down into a smaller, less complex products e.g. AB -> A + B; A-P-P-P -> A-P-P + Pi 3. Exchange reaction- combination of a decomposition and synthesis reaction e.g. AB + CD -> AC + BD; HCl + NaOH -> NaCl + H2O 4. Reversible reaction- reactants to products and products to reactants, meaning the rate of product formation is the same as the rate of reactant formation or at equilibrium

Energy
Energy- capacity to do work- i.e. to move matter. Potential energy- stored energy that could do work but is not doing so Kinetic energy- energy in motion Mechanical energy- results from the position or movement of objects Law of conservation of energy- energy in the world is constant, i.e. it cannot be created nor destroyed Chemical energy- form of stored energy that results from the relative positions and interactions among its charged subatomic particles

Factors that Affect the Rates of Chemical Reaction

Reactants Concentration- concentration is directly proportional to the rate of chemical reaction Temperature- directly proportional to the rate of chemical reaction

Energy and Chemical Reactions

Catalysts
It increase the rate of chemical reaction Enzyme- protein molecule that acts as catalyst

Acids and Bases

Acid- is a proton donor. Because a hydrogen atom without its e- is a proton, any substance that releases hydrogen ions in water is an acid. e.g. HCl -> H+ + Cl Base- is a proton acceptor e.g. NaOH -> Na+ + OH OH- + H+ -> H2O

The pH Scale
pH scale indicates the [H+] of a solution

Salts
Salt- is a compound consisting of positive ions other than H+ and a negative ion other than OH-. Formed when acid and base reacts E.g. HCl + NaOH -> NaCl + H2O

Buffers
Chemicals that resist sudden changes in pH when either an acid or a base is added to a solution containing the buffer

Importance of Water
Stabilizing Body T Protection Chemical Reactions Transport

Carbohydrate

Carbohydrate

Carbohydrate

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids
Deoxyribonuclei acid (DNA)

Nucleic Acids
Ribonucleic acid

Nucleic acids
Deoxyribose and ribose